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Theodore Lyman (English pronunciation: /ˈlaɪmən/; November 23, 1874 – October 11, 1954) was a U.S. physicist and spectroscopist, born in Boston. He graduated from Harvard in 1897, from which he also received his Ph.D. in 1900. He became an assistant professor in physics at Harvard, where he remained, becoming full professor in 1917, and where he was also director of the Jefferson Physical Laboratory (1908–17). Dr. Lyman made important studies in phenomena connected with diffraction gratings, on the wavelengths of vacuum ultraviolet light discovered by Victor Schumann and also on the properties of light of extremely short wavelength, on all of which he contributed valuable papers to the literature of physics in the proceedings of scientific societies.
During World War I he served in France with the American Expeditionary Force, holding the rank of major of engineers.
He was the eponym of the Lyman series of spectral lines. The crater Lyman on the far side of the Moon is named after him.
He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1931.
He became a hereditary member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States in succession to his father, Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Lyman III.