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Robert T. Craig
Communication Theorists from the University of Colorado

Robert T. Craig

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Intro
Communication Theorists from the University of Colorado
Work field
Gender
Male
Place of birth
Rochester, Monroe County, New York, U.S.A.
Age
77 years
The details (from wikipedia)

Biography

Robert T. Craig is a communication theorist from the University of Colorado, Boulder who received his BA in Speech at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and his MA and PhD in communication from Michigan State University. Craig was on the 1988 founding board of the journal "Research on Language and Social Interaction," a position he continues to hold. From 1991 to 1993 Craig was the founding editor of the International Communication Association journal "Communication Theory" which has been in continuous publication since 1991. He is currently the editor for the ICA Handbook series. In 2009 Craig was elected as a Lifetime Fellow for the International Communication Association, an organization he was president for in 2004–2005.

Craig's work "Communication Theory as a Field" received the Best Article Award from the International Communication Association as well as the Golden Anniversary Monograph Award from the National Communication Association. That work has since been translated into Frenchand Russian. The theory presented in "Communication Theory as a Field" has become the basis of the book "Theorizing Communication" which Craig co-edited with Heidi Muller, as well as being adopted by several other communication theory textbooks as a new framework for understanding the field of communication theory.

Grounded practical theory

In 1995 Robert T. Craig and Karen Tracy published "Grounded Practical Theory: The case of Intellectual Discussion". This was an attempt by Craig and Tracy to create a methodological model using discourse analysis which will "guide the development and assessment of normative theories." Craig and Tracy argue that the communication discipline has been dominated by scientific theory which is concerned with what is, while normative theories are centrally concerned with what ought to be. This neglect of normative theories "limits the practical usefulness of communication studies."

Grounded practical theory (GPT) is a metatheoretical approach based on Craig's (1989) notion of communication as a practical, rather than scientific, discipline. The goal of communication as a practical discipline is to develop normative theories to guide practice. Based on this argument, GPT was developed as a methodologically grounded means of theorizing communication practices. GPT involves (1) reconstructing communicative practices, (2) redescribing those practices in less context-specific terms, and (3) identifying implicit principles which guide the practice. Generally a GPT study begins by looking for troubles or dilemmas endemic to situated interaction and observable in discourse. This constitutes the “problem level” and the “grounded” component of the GPT approach. Then, problems are reconstructed concretely and abstractly and matched with the techniques which participants employ for dealing with those problems. This constitutes the “technical level” and is an important part of the theorizing process. Finally, the ideals and standards shaping the practice and how to manage its problems and techniques constitute the “philosophical level.” This situates the practice both locally and generally for the purpose of normative critique. A methodological approach which is explicitly guided by GPT is action implicative discourse analysis (AIDA).

Communication Theory as a Field

In 1999 Craig wrote a landmark article "Communication Theory as a Field" which expanded the conversation regarding disciplinary identity in the field of communication. At that time, communication theory textbooks had little to no agreement on how to present the field or what theories to include in their textbooks. This article has since become the foundational framework for four different textbooks to introduce the field of communication. In this article Craig "proposes a vision for communication theory that takes a huge step toward unifying this rather disparate field and addressing its complexities." To move toward this unifying vision Craig focused on communication theory as a practical discipline and shows how "various traditions of communication theory can be engaged in dialogue on the practice of communication." In this deliberative process theorists would engage in dialog about the "practical implications of communication theories." In the end Craig proposes seven different traditions of Communication Theory and outlines how each one of them would engage the others in dialogue.

Craig proposes that these seven suggested traditions of communication theory have emerged through research into communication, and each one has their own way of understanding communication. These seven traditions are:

  1. Rhetorical: views communication as the practical art of discourse.
  2. Semiotic: views communication as the mediation by signs.
  3. Phenomenological: communication is the experience of dialogue with others.
  4. Cybernetic: communication is the flow of information.
  5. Socio-psychological: communication is the interaction of individuals.
  6. Socio-cultural: communication is the production and reproduction of the social order.
  7. Critical: communication is the process in which all assumptions can be challenged.

These proposed seven traditions of communication theory are then placed into conversation with each other on a a table first to show how each tradition's different interpretation of communication defines the tradition's vocabulary, communication problems, and commonplaces, and next to show what argumentation between the traditions would look like.

Craig concluded this article with an open invitation to explore how the differences in these theories might shed light on key issues, show where new traditions could be created, and engaging communication theory with communication problems through metadiscourse.Craig further proposes several future traditions that could possibly be fit into the metamodel. A feminist tradition where communication is theorized as "connectedness to others", an aesthetic tradition theorizing communication as "embodied performance", an economic tradition theorizing communication as "exchange", and a spiritual tradition theorizing communication on a "nonmaterial or mystical plane of existence."

Publications

Books and chapters

YearAuthorChapter TitleBook TitlePage numbersEditorPublisherISBN
2010Tracy, K.; Craig, R. T.Studying Interaction in order to Cultivate Communicative Practices: Action-Implicative Discourse AnalysisNew Adventures in Language and Interaction145-166Streech, J.John Benjamins Publishing CompanyISBN 978-90-272-5600-3
2010Tracy, K.; Craig, R. TFraming Discourse as Argument in Appellate Courtrooms: Three Cases on Same-Sex MarriageThe Functions of Argument and Social Context, 200946-53Gouran D. S.National Communication Association
2009Craig, R. T.MetatheoryEncyclopedia of Communication Theory, Vol. 2657-661Littlejohn, S. W.; Foss, K. A.SAGE PublicationsISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7
2009Craig, R. T.; Robles, J. S.PragmaticsEncyclopedia of Communication Theory, Vol. 2790-794Littlejohn, S. W.; Foss, K. A.SAGE PublicationsISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7
2009Craig, R. T.Traditions of Communication TheoryEncyclopedia of Communication Theory, Vol. 2958-963Littlejohn, S. W.; Foss, K. A.SAGE PublicationsISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7
2009Barge, J. K.; Craig, R. T.Practical Theory in Applied Communication ScholarshipRoutledge Handbook of Applied Communication Research55-78Frey, R.; Cissna, K. N.RoutledgeISBN 0-203-87164-2
2008Craig, R. T.Communication as a Field and DisciplineThe International Encyclopedia of Communication Vol. II675-688Donsbach, W.Blackwell PublishingISBN 1-4051-3199-3
2008Craig, R. T.Meta-discourseThe International Encyclopedia of Communication Vol. II3707-3709Donsbach, W.Blackwell PublishingISBN 1-4051-3199-3
2007Craig, R. T.' and Muller, H. L.Theorizing Communication: Readings Across TraditionsCraig, R. T.; and Muller, H. L.SAGE PublicationsISBN 978-1-4129-5237-8
2006Craig, R. T.Communication as a PracticeCommunication as...: Perspectives on Theory38-47Shepherd, G. J.; John, J. ST.; and Striphas, T.SAGE PublicationsISBN 978-1-4129-0658-6
2005Craig, R. T.; Tracy, K."The Issue" in Argumentation Practice and TheoryArgumentation in Practice11-28Eemeren, F. H; Houtlosser, P.John Benjamins Publishing CompanyISBN 90-272-1882-X
1990Craig, R. T.Multiple Goals in Discourse: An Epilogue (Reprint of Journal Article)Multiple Goals in Discourse163-170Tracy, K.; Coupland, N.Multilingual Matters Ltd.ISBN 1-85359-099-1
1989Craig R. T.Communication as a Practical DisciplineRethinking Communication; Volume 1: Paradigm Issues97-122Dervin B.; Grossberg L.; O'Keefe B., Wartella E.SAGE PublicationsISBN 978-0-8039-3029-2
1993Craig, R. T.; Tracy, K; Spisak, F.The Discourse of Requests: Assessment of a Politeness Approach (Reprint of journal article)Contemporary Perspectives on Interpersonal Communication264-284Petronio, S.; Alberts, J. K.; Hecht, M. L.; Buley, J.Brown & BenchmarkISBN 978-0-697-13356-4
1983Craig, R. T.; Tracy, K.Conversational Coherence: Form, Structure, and StrategyCraig, R. T.; and Tracy, K.SAGE PublicationsISBN 0-8039-2122-5

Journal articles

YearAuthorTitleJournalVolume/IssuePagesPublisherDOI
2012Rich, M. H.; Craig, R. T.Habermas and Bateson in a World Gone M.A.D.: Metacommunication, Paradox, and the Inverted Speech SituationCommunication Theory22 (4)383-402Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01412.x
2010Garcia-Jimenez, L.; Craig, R. T.What Kind Of Difference do we Want to Make?Communication Monographs77(4)429-431Taylor and Francis; Routledge; National Communication Association10.1080/03637751.2010.523591
2009Craig, R. T.Reflections on "Communication Theory as a Field"Revue internationale de communication sociale et publique2009(2)7-12Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; Université du Québec à Montréal
2009Craig, R. T.; Saint-Charles, J. (Trans.), Mongeau, P. (Trans.)La Communication en Tant Que Champ D'etudes (French translation of Communication Theory as a field)Revue internationale de communication sociale et publique2009(1)1-42Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; Université du Québec à Montréal
2008Craig, R. T.Communication in the Conversation of DisciplinesRussian Journal of Communication1(1)7-24Russian Communication Association (RCA)
2007Craig, R. T.Pragmatism in the Field of Communication TheoryCommunication Theory17(2)125-145Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00292.x
2006Craig, R. T.A Path Through the Methodolgical DividesKEIO Communication Review289-17EBSCO Industries; Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
2005Craig, R. T.How We Talk About How We Talk: Communication Theory in the Public Interest. ICA presidential address 2004Journal of Communication44(4)659-667Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03015.x
2001Craig, R. T.Minding my Metamodel, Mending MyersCommunication Theory11(2)231-240Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association10.1111/j.1468-2885.2001.tb00241.x
1999Craig, R. T.Communication Theory as a FieldCommunication Theory9(2)119-161Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355
1995Craig, R. T.; Tracy, K.Grounded Practical Theory: The Case Of Intellectual DiscussionCommunication Theory5(3)248-272Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association10.1111/j.1468-2885.1995.tb00108.x
1993Craig, R. T.Why Are There so Many Communication TheoriesJournal of Communication43(3)26-33Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01273.x
1986Craig, R. T.; Tracy, K; Spisak, F.The Discourse of Requests: Assessment of a Politeness ApproachHuman Communication Research12(4)437-468Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00087.x
1984Tracy, K.; Craig, R. T.; Smith, M.; Spisak, F.The discourse of requests: Assessment of a compliance-gaining approachHuman Communication Research10(4)513-538Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association10.1111/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00030.x
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