Esma Redžepova

Redžepova was born on 8 August 1943 in Skopje, 20 Ivo Lola Ribar street. At that time, Skopje was occupied by the Kingdom of Bulgaria, allied to Nazi Germany, although the region was returned to Yugoslavia just two years later. She was the second youngest of six children in a Romani family. Her paternal grandfather was a Catholic Roma and her grandmother an Iraqi Jew, while her mother was a Muslim Roma from a village close to Skopje.

Her father Ibrahim, who had lost a leg during a German bombing in Skopje in 1941, worked variously as a porter, circus strongman and shoeshiner. He sang and played drums and sometimes performed at weddings. Some of Esma's siblings accompanied him. Esma's mother was a seamstress.

At age nine, Esma was introduced by one of her brothers to a local Romani music organisation where she was able to quickly learn complicated rhythms. Her mother encouraged her musical gifts and Esma and her brother soon joined their school's folklore group. Her parents insisted that all their children finish primary school. However, they had very traditional views and expected Esma to get married in her teens and become a housewife. Nonetheless, their daughter was emancipated and would wear fashionable dresses instead of dimije, the traditional attire for Romani girls at that time.

Debut

Stevo Teodosievski, Esma's manager and later husband.

In 1956, Esma's headteacher suggested she sing at a school talent contest for Radio Skopje. She went there without telling her parents, who did not want her to follow the path of an older sister who started to sing in cafes at 17. Among Roma people, such a career was viewed as shameful for an unmarried girl.

Esma performed A bre babi, a Macedonian Roma traditional song. It was the first time a song in Romani was aired by the station. Esma won the contest, beating 57 other schools and winning 9,000 dinars. When Esma's parents learned about her success, they were extremely upset and reluctant to let her follow a musical career. At that time, the only possible career for Roma singers was to perform in cafes and restaurants with no other prospect.

Stevo Teodosievski, an ethnic Macedonian musician and band frontman, was impressed by Esma's performance at the contest and wanted her to join his musical ensemble. Teodosievski was a self-taught man coming from a poor background, leading a large folk ensemble, the Ansambl Teodosievski. He also worked for Radio Skopje and was a member of the League of Communists of Macedonia.

Being part of the local establishment, Teodosievski was also a visionary because he believed that Roma music could become esteemed and popular among non-Romani people. Indeed, at that time, Roma music in Yugoslavia was depreciated and not considered suitable for radio or television. Furthermore, racism against Roma people was very common in Macedonia and the rest of Yugoslavia and Roma people themselves had a poor image of Roma singers, especially female ones. Before Esma, Roma performers never sang in Romani on radio or television and always hid their origins. Teodosievski had been promoting Roma music even before meeting Redžepova and had faced severe criticism from the media for doing so. He knew however that Esma Redžepova could help him achieve his goal and that she could easily become one of the most prominent artists in the country. He convinced Esma's parents to let her go with him and join his ensemble. They both promised that Esma would only sing on reputable scenes.

When they met in Skopje, Stevo Teodosievski was not fully satisfied with Esma's voice, and encouraged her to train for long hours. He enrolled her at the Academy of Music in Belgrade, where she stayed for two years.

Yugoslav years

After Esma left the Academy of Music in Belgrade (SR Serbia), she joined the Ansambl Teodosievski and started touring. In 1961, the Ansambl went to Zagreb (SR Croatia) to record Redžepova's first disc. It was released by Jugoton and included A bre babi as well as Chaje Shukarije, a song Redžepova wrote herself. This song in Romani quickly became a huge success in Yugoslavia.

The 1960s and 1970s were extremely successful for the couple. They recorded many albums and EPs, and took part to radio and television shows. Most of the songs performed by Esma Redžepova at that time were traditional Romani songs or songs inspired by Romani music. However, some of them had a noticeable Western influence. "Makedo" is inspired by cha-cha, "Kod Kodak" shows heavy pop influences, and "Pesma Šeher Sarajevu", makes use of psychedelic organs. Redžepova also performed many songs related to ethnic Macedonian music with no tie to Romani music. Some of these songs are duets recorded with Macedonian singers, such as "Blagujno Dejče", "Biljana platno beleše" and "Zašto si me majko rodila".

In Tito's Yugoslavia, Roma people were officially recognised as a national minority and were granted linguistic and cultural rights. However, Esma Redžepova was almost the only Roma Yugoslav artist to have achieved long-lasting fame and public acclaim, together with Šaban Bajramović, from Serbia.

Despite of her success, Esma Redžepova was the target of racism and gossip. Roma people in Skopje thought of her as dishonorable for the community and were very critical about her relationship with Teodosievski, a "gadjo". At that time, it was unthinkable for Macedonians and Romani to engage in mixed marriages, and both communities strongly disapproved them. Esma was frown upon by Romani because she had an emancipated lifestyle, performing on stage, sleeping in hotels, working with men. On the other side, institutions, including Radio Skopje and the League of Communists of Macedonia, where very critical about Stevo Teodosievski and reproached him for working with Gypsies. To escape the stifling atmosphere, Redžepova and Teodosievski moved to Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, at the beginning of the 1960s. They married in 1968.

Racist prejudice played a big part in Redžepova's career. Media often characterized her with traits considered typical to Roma people: she was portrayed as hot blooded, happy and easy going, and genetically talented. Comments were often made about her dark skin. Stevo Teodosievski used some positive stereotypes to promote the singer, as long as they gave a tasteful image of her.

At the end of the 1960s, Esma and Stevo founded a music school where they mostly trained young disadvantaged boys, usually Romani. Most of the musicians in the Ansambl Teodosievski were trained in the school and some of them eventually achieved fame. In total, 48 boys attended that school.

By encouraging other Macedonian Roma musicians, Esma and Stevo built a circle around them. Among the most prominent members were the singers Muharem Serbezovski, Usnija Jašarova and Enver Rasimov, and clarinetist Medo Čun.

Yugoslavia was part of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Yugoslav artistic scene was subject to many international influences. Esma performed several songs in foreign languages, such as Greek, Turkish, Hebrew or Hindi. The Roma people came from India to Europe in the Middle Ages. The link that Tito created with Nehru and India was very important for Yugoslav Gypsies because their culture and history was publicly enhanced. Esma and Stevo visited India three times, in 1969, 1976 and 1983. During their second trip, they were entitled King and Queen of Romani Music at the first Roma music festival in Chandigarh. In 1983, Esma sang in front of Indira Gandhi.

In addition to performing for Indira Gandhi, Esma also sang for Josip Broz Tito, Reza Pahlavi and Muammar Gaddafi. Together with her husband's ensemble, she performed for public audience in several countries, including the United States, the Soviet Union, Mexico, Australia and Canada. In 1962, she was the first Yugoslav artist to perform at the Olympia in Paris.

Career after the independence of Macedonia

During the 1980s, the musical career of Esma Redžepova slowed down. In 1989, she settled back in Skopje with her husband. After independence in 1991, the Republic of Macedonia went through difficult times. Stevo Teodosievski died in 1997 at 72. However, Esma Redžepova toured the United States the year after, performing at a series of benefit concerts. She also released a selection of duets with Usnija Jašarova in 1994.

The 2000s where very fruitful and marked a slight shift in the singer's career. In Macedonia and former Yugoslavia, Esma gained a more modern image and redefined herself as a worldbeat artist. For instance, she made several collaborations with young pop singers. In 2002, she recorded a song with the Croatian band Magazin and a duet with the Macedonian singer Todor Proeski. She also recorded a song with the Bosnian band Crno Vino in 2005 and made a collaboration with Kiril Džajkovski in 2010. On the international scene, Esma Redžepova contributed towards the establishment of Roma music as a non-mass-market good, pleasing an urban and cultural elite. However, many of her new songs were not widely accepted by Western audience because they did not match its expectation about Roma music. For instance, some songs featured synthesizer, an instrument that is not used in traditional Roma music. Esma was even booed at a concert in Spain, but defended herself saying that Roma music has always adapted itself and borrowed external features.

Redžepova during her Eurovision performance in 2013.

Her best known single, Čaje Šukarije, is the feature song on the 2006 Borat movie soundtrack, which she claims was used without her permission. Together with Naat Veliov from Kočani Orkestar she sued the producers of the film for 800,000 euro (USD 1,000,000). Afterwards, Redžepova won a €26,000 compensation, since it turned out that Cohen got permission from her production house to take the song, which she was not notified about. Esma was particularly upset because her song was used to illustrate backwardness, something she always fought. However, Borat contributed towards the expansion of her fame internationally.

Esma Redžepova was selected together with Vlatko Lozanoski to represent Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. Their song, "Imperija", was unveiled in March 2013, but it caused controversy in the country as its clip featured many monuments of the controversial project Skopje 2014. The song was thus viewed as a nationalist act. Macedonian Radio-Television requested the singers write a new song. Eventually, "Pred da se razdeni" was released a month later. The song failed to advance from the second semi-final of the competition on 16 May 2013, placing 16th in the field of 17 songs, scoring 28 points.

Death

Esma Redžepova died on the morning of 11 December 2016 in Skopje after an illness, she was 73. She had previously been taken to hospital on 28 November, and was then in a critical condition. Her funeral ceremony took place on 12 December at the Skopje City Council, where several officials, including the Mayor of the city and the Macedonian President, Gjorge Ivanov, paid homage to her. She was later buried at Butel cemetery.

In addition to numerous video clips, Esma Redžepova appeared in several films, both fictional and documentary. She made her debut as an actress in Krst Rakoc, a Yugoslav film released in 1962 and featuring Bata Živojinović in the main role. She recorded four songs included in the soundtrack. In 1968, she appeared as a singer in Zapej Makedonijo, a film for which she also recorded songs. She made her last appearance in a Yugoslav film in 1971, for Yugovizija, in which she played her own role.

In the 2000s, Redžepova resumed her film career. She appeared in four documentary films during the decade, starting with the German Im Herzen des Lichts - Die Nacht der Primadonnen in 2002. It was followed by When the Road Bends... Tales of a Gypsy Caravan in 2006, a documentary about five Romani music acts on their tour through the United States. She was however very unhappy about this film and the image it gives about her community. She thought the audience would imagine that all Roma people live in squalid conditions, ignoring that there are middle-class Roma, just like herself. The film Rromani Soul, released the year after and directed by Louis Mouchet, features Esma as the guide of the true origin of Roma people located in Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh by Roma linguist Marcel Courthiade. In 2009, she appeared in a second German documentary film, Balkan Soul & Gypsy Blues.

Repertoire

Esma Redžepova has recorded and released more than 580 songs, including two platinum and eight gold discs. She has performed more than 22,000 concerts, a third of which were held for charities. With the Ansambl Teodosievski, she recorded 108 singles, 32 compact cassettes, 15 discs, six videotapes and numerous television shows.

Redžepova mostly sang in Romani and Macedonian, but she has also recorded songs in Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Hebrew, Greek and Hindi. Redžepova's songs often speak about love, sorrow and marriage. One of her most famous songs called Čaje Šukarije became an anthem for all Roma all over the world.

Esma often sang traditional songs, both Romani and Macedonian, but a lot of them are also compositions. Teodosievski usually composed and arranged songs, but Esma composed some tracks as well, including Čaje Čukarije. She also choreographed performances.

Musical style and inspirations

The Ansambl Teodosievski, with which Esma Redžepova has performed the most, is composed of traditional instruments, used both by Romas and Macedonians, such as oboe, accordion, zurna and davul. Most of Esma's songs are either in the line of Roma or Macedonian folk tradition, with various influences ranging from Turkish, Middle Eastern to Central European. However, contemporary influences are visible on her later work, which can be characterised as worldbeat influenced pop music. During the 2000s, as she started to sing duets with younger artists, she contributed on pop, ethno-pop and RnB songs. Furthermore, some of her earlier songs also show strong Western influences, including Kod, kodak (1966), Devojka i pesna (1966), Makedo (1966), Pjesma Šeher Sarajevu (1970) and Djurdjevdan, Djurdjevdan (1972).

Redžepova's voice deeply changed over the years. When she started singing, her voice was bright and almost childlike. Stevo Teodosievski compared it to the sound of a silver bell.

Esma Redžepova defended that Roma music was inventive, evolving and subject to many influences. However, she was very critical of hybrid Roma music such as the ones from Spain and Hungary. She states that Roma musicians from these countries play more or less local non-Romani music. She considers her singing style as very ancient and traditional.

Esma Redžepova does not cite any inspirational artist and states that she owes everything to her late husband. Her favorite artists are the Bulgarian Nedyalka Keranova and the Iranian Googoosh. She also enjoys classical music and cites Luciano Pavarotti.

Videos and stage

Esma Redžepova and the Ensemble Teodosievski performing "Romano Horo" for the Austrian television in 1965

On stage and in her music videos, Esma Redžepova plays with stereotypes linked to Gypsy women and uses traditional attires and dancers. The Middle-Eastern character of her performances was often enhanced to please non-Romani audiences. In the same way, costumes worn by Esma or her dancers can be inaccurate to Macedonian Roma culture. For instance, some videos show Hungarian or Russian costumes, in order to match the expectations of a non-Romani on Romani culture and traditional dresses. Although Esma used sensuality and seduction in many of her early songs, such as her numerous čoček, she put a limit by not wearing immodest belly dance outfits. Instead, she usually wore the Roma dimije, which she personalized by using modern fabrics.

Performances can be very theatrical depending on the song and the emotion that grows of it. For instance, when singing Hajri Ma Te Dike, Redžepova usually wears a black veil and pretends to be weeping.

Because she extensively worked with the same music ensemble, Redžepova has a particular relationship with her musicians. On stage, they stand and take part to the choreography and mime interactions with the singer in accordance with the text of the songs. In the early performances, musicians used to sway left and right to the rhythm with their instruments, as did Western pop groups at that period.

When Esma Redžepova settled back in Skopje with her husband in 1989, she started to work on an ambitious project: a Museum of Music and House of Humanity. The couple imagined it as a place to keep archive of Roma music, and musical and historical artifacts, with a performance room, a studio and a place where poor people could get medical treatment.

The couple bought a plot close to the Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia and the fortress. Construction started in 1992. The building serves as Redžepova's house and should become a museum after her death.

Esma Redžepova's first humanitarian engagement was fostering 47 deprived children during the 1970s and 1980s. She also sponsored thousands of benefit concerts for various causes: hospitals, orphanages, disaster victims, etc. She was an honorary president of the Macedonian Red Cross, in recognition of her extensive work with Romani refugees from Kosovo. However, it was not before 2002 that she sponsored a benefit concert dedicated explicitly to the Roma people. Esma Redžepova was also a member of the Lions Club.

In general, she tended to favour large and inclusive causes, rather than only defending her community. This is mainly due to her strong attachment to the Republic of Macedonia. She was in fact a national icon, popular among all ethnic groups and she has often shown strong patriotism. She was officially considered as a cultural ambassador and she was granted a diplomatic passport in 2007. She defended the policies for Roma people conducted by successive Macedonian governments and she asserted that it was the best country for Romani people, as they enjoyed much more rights and freedom than anywhere else. In general, she advocated larger cross-cultural understanding and pacifism. She also defended women's rights and their access to power, both on politic and economic levels. In 1995, she sponsored a Romani women organisation from Skopje, which subsequently chose to be called "Esma".

Esma Redžepova became politically engaged in the 1990s, when she was close to the Romani leader Amdi Bajram and to Vasil Tupurkovski, founder of the Democratic Alternative. This centrist party was short-lived, and Esma became a member of the right-wing VMRO-DPMNE, which came into power in 2006. In 2009, Esma was elected as a member of the City Council of Skopje, and was reelected in 2013.

Redžepova's ties with the VMRO-DPMNE have been criticised several times in Macedonia. For instance in 2010, when she was granted 25,000 euros for her museum by the city council of Skopje. The municipal opposition, led by the SDSM, was hostile to the donation because the museum was not officially registered as such, and the building served at that time as Redžepova's house and hosted a local VMRO-DPMNE office. When she was awarded the title of National artist in 2013, the opposition again denounced the fact that she was also granted a national pension. Finally, the same year, when she rehearsed the Macedonian entry for the Eurovision, the song, "Imperija", caused controversy because it appeared as a promotion of the Skopje 2014 urbanism project, led by the VMRO-DPMNE.

Esma Redžepova married her manager, Stevo Teodosievski, in 1968. Born in 1924, he was 19 years older than her. He died in 1997. They never had children of their own but fostered 47 abandoned or deprived children. They raised 5 of them under their roof and ensured a home and education for the others.

Esma Redžepova was known for her unique sense of fashion. She often wore heavy jewels and colourful turbans. She had a collection of over 300 turbans.

• 1976 – Queen of World Gipsy music
• 1992 – 13 November Award of Skopje
• 1995 – Award prima donna of European singing
• 2005 – Norwegian Academy of Literature and Freedom of Expression
• 2010 – Order of Merit for Macedonia
• 2013 – National Artist of Macedonia

• Songs of a Macedonian Gypsy, World Connection, 1998
• Romske pesme, PGP-RTS, 2000
• Mon histoire, My story, Accords croisés, 2007

• Krst Rakoc (1962)
• Zapej Makedonijo (1968)
• Jugovizija (1971)
• Im Herzen des Lichts - Die Nacht der Primadonnen (2002)
• When the Road Bends: Tales of a Gypsy Caravan (2006)
• Rromani Soul (2008)