Betye Saar

Betye Irene Saar (born July 30, 1926 in Los Angeles, California) is an African-American artist known for her work in the medium of assemblage. Saar has been called "a legend" in the world of contemporary art. She is a visual storyteller and an accomplished printmaker. Saar was a part of the Black Arts Movement in the 1970s, which engaged myths and stereotypes about race and femininity. Her work is considered highly political, as she challenged negative ideas about African-Americans throughout her career; Betye Saar is best known for her art work that critiques American racism toward blacks.

Betye Saar was born Betye Irene Brown on July 30, 1926 to Jefferson Maze Brown and Beatrice Lillian Parson in Los Angeles, California. Both parents attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where they met. Saar spent her early years in Los Angeles. After her father's death in 1931, Saar and her mother, brother, and sister moved in with her paternal grandmother, Irene Hannah Maze in the Watts neighborhood in Los Angeles. The family then moved to Pasadena, California, to live with Saar's maternal great-aunt Hatte Parson Keys and her husband Robert E. Keys. Growing up, Saar collected various ephemera and regularly created and repaired objects. Her college education began with art classes at Pasadena City College and continued at the University of California, Los Angeles, after receiving a tuition award from an organization that raised funds to send minority students to universities. Saar received a B.A. in design in 1947. She went on to graduate studies at California State University, Long Beach, University of Southern California, California State University, Northridge, and American Film Institute. During her time in graduate school, she married Richard Saar and gave birth to three daughters: Tracye, Alison and Lezley Saar.

Early work

Saar started her adult life as a social worker and then later pursued her passion in art. She began her graduate education in 1958, originally working towards a career in teaching design. However, a printmaking class she took as an elective changed the direction of her artistic interests. She described printmaking as her "segue from design into fine arts."

In Saar's early work she collected racist imagery and continued throughout her career. She was inspired to create assemblages by a 1967 exhibition by found object sculptor, Joseph Cornell. She was also greatly influenced by Simon Rodia's Watts Towers, which she witnessed being built in her childhood. Saar said that she was "fascinated by the materials that Simon Rodia used, the broken dishes, sea shells, rusty tools, even corn cobs—all pressed into cement to create spires. To me, they were magical."

She began to create work that consisted of found objects arranged within boxes or windows, with items that drew from various cultures to reflect her own mixed ancestry: African-American, Irish, and Native American.

Rejection of white feminism and reclaiming the black female body

Saar was raised by her Aunt Hattie, who influenced her identity as a black woman. Saar described her Aunt as a woman with dignity and poise, which impacted her depiction of the black female body. This impact is evident in a work Saar dedicated to her Aunt titled, Record For Hattie, 1972.Saar's rejection of white feminism initially pushed her artistic focus on the black male but in the 1970s she shifted her focus to the black female body. Record For Hattie is a mixed media assemblage made from an antique jewelry box. Inside the top of the jewelry box is a broken picture frame containing a faded picture of a woman, representing her Aunt Hattie. Surrounding the picture frame rose materials are sewn along with a red and white star and crescent moon pendent. In the bottom of the jewelry box there is a metal cross on the right side, a red leather wallet in the middle, on top is an image of child, and on the left there are sewing materials. During the 1970s Saar responded to the racism, fetishization, and eroticization of the black female body by reclaiming the black female body. Saar's work resisted the artistic style of primitivism, as well as the white feminist movement that refused to address issues of race. Saar's work is a result of the convergence of black power, spirituality and mysticism, and feminism, as seen in Black Girl's Window, 1969., Black Girl's Window is an assemblage piece made from an old window, in which the painted silhouette of a girl presses her face and hands against the pane. Above her head are nine smaller window panes arranged three by three, which display various symbols and images, including moons and stars, a howling wolf, a sketched skeleton, an eagle with the word "love" across its chest, and a tintype woman.

In the 1960s, Saar began collecting images of Aunt Jemima, Uncle Tom, Little Black Sambo, and other stereotyped African-American figures from folk culture and advertising of the Jim Crow era. She incorporated them into collages and assemblages, transforming them into statements of political and social protest. The Liberation of Aunt Jemima is one of her most notable works from this era. In this mixed-media assemblage, Saar utilized the stereotypical mammy figure of Aunt Jemima to subvert traditional notions of race and gender. "It’s like they abolished slavery but they kept black people in the kitchen as Mammy jars," Saar says of what drove her to make the piece. "I had this Aunt Jemima, and I wanted to put a rifle and a grenade under her skirts. I wanted to empower her. I wanted to make her a warrior. I wanted people to know that black people wouldn’t be enslaved by that."

Saar's assemblage is laid inside of a shoebox-sized frame, plastered with Aunt Jemima advertisements. A caricatured sculpture of Aunt Jemima presents a notepad with a photograph of a Mammy with a white baby depicted. The Aunt Jemima sculpture holds a broom and a rifle, subverting her happy servant and caregiver stereotype by way of a militant alter ego who demands her own agency and power. A large, clenched fist, echoing the black power symbol, is collaged over and partially obscuring the Mammy photograph, recognizing the aggressive and radical means used by African-American activists in the 1970s to fight for their rights. Aunt Jemima is liberated through transformation from a racist domestic caricature into an image of black power.

Assemblage and installation

Saar's lifelong habit of scouring flea markets and yard sales deepened her exposure to the many racial stereotypes and demeaning depictions of blacks to be found among the artifacts of American commercial and consumer culture, such as advertisements, marketing materials, knickknacks, sheet music, and toys. Three years later, she produced a series of more than twenty pieces that, in her own words, “exploded the myth” of such imagery, beginning with her seminal portrait of Aunt Jemima. In the 1970s, Saar moved on to explore ritual and tribal objects from Africa as well as items from African-American folk traditions. In boxed assemblages, she combined shamanistic tribal fetishes with images and objects intended to evoke the magical and the mystical. When her great-aunt died in 1974, Saar acquired family memorabilia and created a series of more personal and intimate assemblages that incorporated nostalgic mementos of her great-aunt's life. She arranged old photographs, letters, lockets, dried flowers, and handkerchiefs in shrine-like boxes to suggest memory, loss, and the passage of time. This became a body of work she referred to as her "nostalgic series."

In 1977, Saar created a piece named Spirit Catcher. It was inspired by and looks like a traditional craft item used in rituals, but was personally invented by her. She claims that although the object is not authentically sourced, it still has magical qualities. It is made from bones and straw. There is a mirror on the top of the artwork that could be interpreted as an evil eye against racism.

In the early 1980s, Saar taught in Los Angeles at UCLA and the Otis Art Institute. In her own work she approached a larger, room-sized scale, and created site-specific installations. These included altar-like shrines exploring the relationship between technology and spirituality, and incorporated her interests in mysticism and Voodoo. Through the pairing of computer chips with mystical amulets and charms, these monumental constructions suggested the need for an alliance of both systems of knowledge: the technical and the spiritual.

Saar continues to live and work in Los Angeles, working primarily in found object sculpture. She has been awarded honorary doctorate degrees by California College of Arts and Crafts, California Institute of the Arts, Massachusetts College of Art, Otis College of Art and Design, and San Francisco Art Institute.

As of 2016, she celebrated her work with a couple parties and a solo show of new work at Roberts and Tilton Gallery.

The Liberation of Aunt Jemima

Betye Saar's 1972 artwork The Liberation of Aunt Jemima  was inspired by a knick knack she found of Aunt Jemima although it seems like a painting, it is a three dimensional mixed media assemblage 11 3/4" x 8" x 3/4". The journal Blacks in Higher Education states that "her painting offered a detailed history of the black experience in America". Saar shows Aunt Jemima exaggerated in every way by stereotypes. She wears a large exaggerated colored dress, along with a bright checkered head piece. Her skin is depicted as really black, her eyes are large bulging out of her head. Her lips are large and highlighted with red color. She draws out the stereotype of being black. Holding a broom in one hand showing they were only good for cleaning. The woman also stands on cotton representing slavery. The Woman's Art Journal states: "African-American artists as diverse as Betye Saar reclaim and explore their identity. ‘Not good enough’ and ‘But good enough to serve’."

In the book Parodise of Ownership  by Richard Schur states, "Saar deployed Aunt Jemima’s image to promote cultural nationalism during the 1960s and 1970s[…] sought to correct the injustice done by over one hundred years of stereotyped advertising and depicts Aunt Jemima in an angry, defiant, and/ or rebellious poses."  She wanted to promote support for political independence and break stereotypes used to describe black women. The artwork was originally inspired by the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

In "The Women’s Art Journal Betye Saar: Extending the Frozen Monument", James Cristen Steward states: "Against the backdrop of pancake packaging is a grinning popped-eye 'Mammy" with a broom in one hand and a rifle in the other. In the foreground another vintage caricature  of a jaunty, almost flirtatious Mammy, one arm balancing a willing white child against her corset hourglass waste she simply allows the derogatory images to speak for themselves". The broom symbolizes the domesticity that black women wereforced to occupy jobs in serving, confining them to specific places. White people's perspective on black women was that they were only good for serving others. She portrays through her art the two representations of black women, how stereotypes portray them, defeminizing and desexualizing them and reality. Saar's intention for having the stereotype of the mammy holding a rifle to symbolize that black women are strong and can endure anything, a representation of a warrior.  Saar has stated, that "the reasoning behind this decision is to empower black women and not let the narrative of a white person determine how a black women should view herself".

As you look closer to Saar's artwork you start depicting the hidden additions that can not be seen by a quick glance. The portrait in front represents the black women and their black power. She stands confidently and happy, holding a white baby. As you look at her clothing it seems that she wears a dark skirt but by taking a closer look it can be seen that the woman is not wearing a skirt but her pride. She stands on a black hand in the form of a fist representing black power. In addition, Saar is encouraging black women to be strong, beautiful, and not let white narrative define them as black women.

In the late 1960s, her focus turned to the civil rights movement and issues of race. Black women artists such as Faith Ringgold, Betye Saar, Adrian Piper, Howardena Pindell, and Barbara Chase-Riboud explored the African-American identities and actively rejected art world racism, while simultaneously being drawn to the cause of women's liberation.

Saar, in her artistic journey through various artistic and activist communities from black nationalist to black feminist and womanist, maintained a "mobile of identity" that permitted her to interact freely with each group. Saar met with other black women artists at Suzanne Jackson's Gallery 32 in 1970. The resulting group show was titled Sapphire (You've Come a Long Way, Baby). This was likely the first contemporary African-American women's exhibition in California, and included watercolorist Sue Irons, printmaker Yvonne Cole Meo, painter Suzanne Jackson, pop artist Eileen Abdulrashid, and Saar.

When asked about the politics behind her art in a 2015 interview with writer Shelley Leopold, Saar stated, "I don't know how politics can be avoided. If you happen to be a young Black male, your parents are terrified that you're going to be arrested—if they hang out with a friend, are they going to be considered a gang? That kind of fear is one you have to pay attention to. It's not comfortable living in the United States. I'm born in Los Angeles, with middle class parents and so I never really had to be in a situation that tense. My grandmother lived in Watts and it's still really poor down there. People just do the best they can."

Letter Campaign

In the late 1990s, Saar was a recognizable and vocal critic of artist Kara Walker’s work. Kara Walker created artworks that some scholars said exhibited "the psychological dimension of stereotypes and the obscenity of the American racial unconscious". Walker's controversial works included Gone, An Historical Romance of a Civil War as it Occurred Between the Dusky Thighs of One Young Negress and Her Heart (1994), and The End of Uncle Tom and Grand Allegorical Tableau of Eva in Heaven (1995). The shocking images, her supporters said, challenged racist and stereotypical images of African Americans by offering stark images of the degradation of African Americans. Other critics, such as Saar and Howardena Pindell, disagreed with Walker's approach and believed the artist was reinforcing racism and racist stereotypes of African-American life. In an NPR Radio interview, Saar "felt the work of Kara Walker was sort of revolting and negative and a form of betrayal to the slaves, particularly women and children, and that it was basically for the amusement and the investment of the white art establishment". The difference in age between Saar and her contemporaries and Walker can explain the older critics’ reactions to Walker's work. When Walker received the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Genius Award in 1997, Saar wrote letters to people in the art industry, protesting the award and asking, "Are African-Americans being betrayed under the guise of art?"

• 2019 LACMA, Los Angeles, CA
• 2019 Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
• 2019 New York Historical Society, New York, NY
• 2017 Craft and Folk Art Museum (now Craft Contemporary), Los Angeles
• 2016 Roberts & Tilton, Culver City, California
• 2016 Fondazione Prada, Milan Italy
• 2016 Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art, Scottsdale, Arizona
• 2014 Roberts & Tilton, Culver City, California
• 2006 Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, California
• 2005 University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, Michigan
• 2002 Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ
• 2000 Savannah College of Art & Design, Savannah, Georgia and Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New York City, New York.
• 1999 University of New Mexico Art Museum, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico and Anderson Ranch Art Center, Snowmass, Colorado and The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan.
• 1998 Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New York, New York and Jan Baum Gallery, Los Angeles, California and California African-American Museum, Los Angeles, California.
• 1997 Tacoma Art Museum, Tacoma, Washington.
• 1996 Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, Iowa and The Palmer Museum of Art, Penn State College, Pennsylvania and de Saisset Museum, Santa Clara, California and Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska.
• 1994 Santa Monica Museum of Art, Santa Monica, California.
• 1993 Fresno Art Museum, Fresno, California.
• 1992 The Ritual Journey. Joseloff Gallery, University of Hartford, Connecticut.
• 1991 Objects Gallery, Chicago, Illinois.
• 1990 Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California.
• 1989 City Gallery Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand and Art space, Auckland, New Zealand
• 1988 Taichung Museum of Art, Taichung, Taiwan.
• 1987 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• 1984 California, Los Angeles, California and Georgia State University Art Gallery, Atlanta, Georgia.
• 1983 Women's Art Movement, Adelaide, Australia and Canberra School of Art, Canberra Connecticut, Australia.
• 1982 Quay Gallery, San Francisco, California.
• 1981 Baum-Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, California and Monique Knowlton Gallery, New York, New York.
• 1980 Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, New York.
• 1979 Baum-Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, California.
• 1977 Baun-Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, California and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California.
• 1976 Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut and Monique Knowlton Gallery, New York, New York.
• 1975 Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, New York.
• 1973 California State University, Los Angeles, California.

• 2014 Edward MacDowell Medal
• 1997 The Visual Artists Award, The Flintridge Foundation, Pasadena, California.
• 1995 Honorary Doctorate Degrees: California Institute of the Arts and Massachusetts College of Art
• 1993 Distinguished Artist Award, Fresno Art Museum
• 1992 James Van Der Zee Award, Brandywine Workshop, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• 1992 Honorary Doctorate Degrees: Otis College of Art and Design and San Francisco Art Institute
• 1991 John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
• 1991 Honorary Doctorate Degree: California College of the Arts
• 1990 J. Paul Getty Fund for the Visual Arts Fellowship.
• 1990 22nd Annual Artist Award, The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York.
• 1984 and 1974 National Endowment for the Arts Artist Fellowship

• Boca Raton Museum of Art, Boca Raton, Florida
• Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
• Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
• High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia.
• Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
• Kresge Art Museum State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
• Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California.
• Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota
• Montclair Art Museum, Montclair, New Jersey.
• Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts.
• Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute, Museum of Art, Utica, New York.
• National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC.
• The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York.
• Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
• The New Jersey State Museum, Newark, New Jersey.
• The Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey.
• The Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, California.
• The Palmer Museum of Art, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
• The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California.
• Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Massachusetts.
• The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, New York.
• Tacoma Art Museum, Tacoma, Washington.
• University of California, Berkeley Art Museum, Berkeley, California.
• University of Massachusetts, Herter Art Gallery, Amherst, Massachusetts.
• Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
• Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, New York.