Yaqub Sanu

Yaqub Sanu (Arabic: يعقوب صنوع‎,Yaʻqūb Ṣanūʻ, anglicized as James Sanua), also known by his pen name "Abu Naddara" (Arabic: أبو نظارة‎ Abū Naẓẓārah "the man with glasses"; January 9, 1839 – 1912), was an Egyptian Jewish journalist, nationalist activist and playwright. He was also a polyglot, writing in French, English, Turkish, Persian, Hebrew, and Italian as well as both literary Arabic and Egyptian Arabic.

Sanu was an Egyptian Jew born to an Egyptian Jewish family. His father worked for Prince Yaken, the grandson of Muhammad Ali Pasha, Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. When Yaqub was thirteen he wrote an Arabic poem and recited it in front of the prince who was fascinated by the young boy's talents. The prince later sent him to be educated in Livorno, Italy in 1853, where he studied Arts and Literature. When he returned to Egypt in 1855 he worked as a tutor for the prince's children before he became a teacher in the Arts and Crafts School in Cairo.

Sanua became active as a journalist in Egypt, writing in a number of languages including Arabic and French. He played an important role in the development of Egyptian theatre in the 1870s, both as a writer of original plays in Arabic and with his adaptations of French plays, but it was as a satirical nationalist journalist that he became famous in his day, a thorn in the side of both the Khedive and the British interlopers. In 1870, the Khedive, Ismail the Magnificent, agreed to financially support Sanu's theatre company, which performed plays in a very colloquial Egyptian Arabic on nationalist themes, but the two had a falling out in 1876 when Egypt's bankruptcy led Ismail to withdraw his support. Sanu mercilessly mocked both Ismail the Magnificent, and then Egypt's British rulers in his journalism and especially his cartoons as bumbling buffoons. Sanu was the first journalist to write in Egyptian Arabic, which was intended to appeal to a mass audience, and his cartoons could be easily understood by even the illiterate.

On 21 March 1877, Sanua founded the satirical magazine Abu-Naddara Zarqa, which had an immediate appeal to both those who could read and those who had it read to them. It was quickly suppressed as being liberal and revolutionary, and its author banished. In March and April 1877 fifteen issues appeared, and of these no copies are known. One of Sanu's cartoons which mocked the Khedive, Ismail the Magnificent, for his fiscal extravagance which caused Egypt's bankruptcy in 1876, led Ismail who did not appreciate Sanu's sense of humor, to order his arrest. Sanua went into exile on June 22, 1878 sailing on the ship Freycinet from Alexandria to Marseilles. Exile in France simply redoubled his journalistic efforts, and his celebrated journal, reproduced lithographically from handwriting in both Arabic and French, continued to appear, printed at a shop aptly located in the Passage du Caire in the second arrondissement of Paris. Like many such journals it frequently changed its name, although the title which remained most constant was Rehlat Abou Naddara Zar'a (Travels of the Man in the Blue Glasses from Egypt to Paris). This was the first Arabic-language magazine to feature cartoons, the captions for these being given in French and Arabic, as well as being the first to use Egyptian Arabic - a language different from Literary Arabic.

Its circulation was considerable in Egypt, where it was smuggled inside other larger newspapers (its format is small and each issue consisted only of two leaves.) There is clear evidence of its presence, even in the highest circles, in Egypt - and each issue may well have been printed in some 3,300 copies. The magazine concentrated on both political and financial difficulties in Egypt, and Sanua probably was privy to information from friends and well-wishers within the administration. Certainly his magazine was well-known: the Saturday Review in London printed in July 1879 a highly favourable notice, and many European memoirs of the period refer to it.

Sanu from 1882 onward drew cartoons which depicted the British as "red locusts" devouring all of Egypt's wealth, leaving nothing behind for the Egyptians. At other times, the British occupying Egypt were simply labelled "the reds"-a reference not to their politics, but rather to the red sun-burned faces of British officials and soldiers in Egypt, which Sanu lampooned by making every Britisher in Egypt having a face that was grotesquely burned red. Sanu was fluent in French, and the witty dialogue he gave his cartoon characters were considered to be comedic masterpieces in 19th century France as Sanu made his British cartoon characters hilariously mangle the French language. A recurring theme of Sanu's humor was the inability of the British characters in his cartoons to properly speak French while his Egyptian characters spoke the most correct French, which was intended to show the moral and cultural superiority of the occupied over the occupiers. Like most other educated Egyptians in the 19th century, for Sanu France was the ideal civilization and role model for Egypt.

Sanu became a celebrity in France and for photographs and when delivering his lectures, he always took off the Western clothing he normally wore, to put on a traditional Egyptian galabiyah and turban to make himself seem more an exotic "Oriental" to the French. Sanu quite consciously appealed to what later generations would call Orientalism, as he seems to have believed that the French would only listen to him if he appeared as a mysterious and exotic "Oriental", which gave him the authority to speak for Egypt. Sanu was such a celebrity in France that when a small fire broke out in his apartment in Paris, it was covered by the major French newspapers as important news. An article in Le Courrier de France in September 1895 reported that Sannu had "become such an in-demand conference presenter that no week passes by without the press documenting one of his many conference presentations." A man with a high opinion of himself, Sanu obsessively recorded all of the mentions of his name by the media. 

Through banned in Egypt, Abu-Naddara Zarqa was a very popular underground newspaper with Sanu's cartoons being especially popular. Other cartoons drawn by Sanu with captions in Arabic and French depicted La Vieux Albion (England) as a hideous hag together with her even more repulsive son John Bull, who was always shown as an ignorant, uncouth and drunken bully pushing around ordinary Egyptians. Sanu's Egyptian nationalism was based on loyalty to Egypt as a state and geographic entity rather than a sense of ethnicity or religion as he presented Egypt as a tolerant place where Muslims, Christians and Jews were all united by a common love of al-watan ("the homeland"). Against the claim made by British officials like Lord Cromer who claimed the British occupation of Egypt was necessary to protect Egypt's Jewish and Christian minorities from the Muslim majority, Sanu wrote that as an Egyptian Jew he did not feel threatened by the Muslim majority, saying in a speech in Paris: "The Koran is not a book of fanaticism, superstition or barbarity."

A Francophile, Sanu's writings often glorified France, with one poem he wrote in French reading:

"We adore you, oh children of France — champions of liberty You inspire our confidence — with your historic loyalty If the French treat us like brothers — the brutal English treat us like dogs The one makes us happy and prosperous — the other, steals our goods The English pillage our fertile fields — taking away the fruits of our labor The French enrich our cities — civilize and educate us".

Keen to win French support, Sanu, who was so critical of British imperialism in Egypt never criticized French imperialism in Tunisia, Morocco or Algeria. After France concluded an alliance with Russia in 1894, Sanu drew a cartoon with the title "Les amis de nos amis sont nos amis" ("The Friends of Our Friends Are Our Friends") who showed an Egyptian, an Indian and an Iranian all cheering a French sailor and a Russian sailor marching down a street as their friends while a thuggish-looking John Bull looks on in disapproval.  

In 1961, the American historian Irene Gendzier argued that Sanu, whose first language was Arabic, and who was proud to be both an Egyptian and a Jew, could serve as a symbol of reconciliation between the Arabs and Jews.