Ulisse Aldrovandi

Ulisse Aldrovandi (11 September 1522 – 4 May 1605) was an Italian naturalist, the moving force behind Bologna's botanical garden, one of the first in Europe. Carl Linnaeus and the comte de Buffon reckoned him the father of natural history studies. He is usually referred to, especially in older literature, as Aldrovandus; his name in Italian is equally given as Aldroandi.

Aldrovandi was born in Bologna to a noble family, which sent him to apprentice with merchants, but he found his vocation, after studying humanities and law at the universities of Bologna and Padua and becoming a notary. Successively his interests extended to philosophy and logic which he combined with the study of medicine.

He obtained a degree in medicine and philosophy in 1553 and started teaching logic and philosophy in 1554 at the University of Bologna. In 1559 he became professor of philosophy and in 1561 he became the first professor of natural sciences at Bologna (lectura philosophiae naturalis ordinaria de fossilibus, plantis et animalibus).

In June 1549 he was accused and arrested for heresy, for espousing the anti-trinitarian beliefs of the Anabaptist Camillo Renato. By September he had published an abjuration, but was transferred to Rome, and remained in custody or house arrest till absolved in April 1550. During this time he befriended many local scholars. While in semi-captivity there he became more and more interested in botany, zoology and geology (he is credited for the invention/first written record of this word ). From 1551 onward, he organized a variety of expeditions to the Italian mountains, countryside, islands, and coasts in order to collect and catalogue plants.

From Ornithologiae, 1599

In the course of his life he would assemble one of the most spectacular cabinets of curiosities, his "theatre" illuminating natural history comprising some 7000 specimens of the diversità di cose naturali, of which he wrote a description in 1595. Between 1551 and 1554 he organised several expeditions to collect plants for a herbarium, among the first botanizing expeditions. Eventually his herbarium contained about 4760 dried specimens on 4117 sheets in sixteen volumes, preserved at the University of Bologna. He also had various artists, including Jacopo Ligozzi, Giovanni Neri, and Cornelio Schwindt, make illustrations of specimens.

Botanic garden

At his demand and under his direction a public botanic garden was created in Bologna in 1568, now the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna. Due to a dispute on the composition of a popular medicine with the pharmacists and doctors of Bologna in 1575 he was suspended from all public position for five years. In 1577 he sought the aid of pope Gregory XIII (a cousin of his mother) who wrote to the authorities of Bologna to reinstate Aldrovandi in his public offices and request financial aid to help him publish his books.

Collections

His vast collections in botany and zoology he willed to the Senate of Bologna; until 1742 the collections were conserved in the Palazzo Pubblico, then in the Palazzo Poggi, but were distributed among various libraries and institutions in the course of the nineteenth century. In 1907 a representative part were reunited at Palazzo Poggi, Bologna, where the 400th anniversary of his death was memorialized in a celebrative exhibition in 2005.

Neurofibromatosis

He was the first to have extensively documented the neurofibromatosis disease, a type of skin tumour. Recently, however, it has been

observed that in a Andrea Mantegna's work this type of disease had been pictured 80 years earlier's than the original Androvandi's work.

• The wrinkle ridge Dorsa Aldrovandi on the Moon is named after him.
• The Civico Orto Botanico "Ulisse Aldrovandi" in San Giovanni in Persiceto is named in his honor.
• The plant genus Aldrovanda is named after him.

Of the several hundred books and essays he wrote, only a handful were published during his lifetime:

• Antidotarii Bononiensis, siue de vsitata ratione componendorum, miscendorumque medicamentorum, epitome (1574)
• Ornithologiae hoc est de avibus historiae libri XII (Bologna, 1599) 1637 edition
• Ornithologiae tomus alter cum indice copiosissimo (Bologna, 1600)
• De animalibus insectis libri septem, cum singulorum iconibus ad viuum expressis (Bologna, 1602) [1] 1637 edition
• Ornithologiae tomus tertius, ac postremus (Bologna, 1603) [2] 1637 edition
• De reliquis animalibus exanguibus libri quatuor (Bologna, 1606) [3]
• De piscibus libri V, et De cetis lib. vnus (Bologna, 1613) [4]
• Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia (Bologna, 1621) [5]
• Serpentum, et draconum (Bologna, 1640) (Natural History of Snakes and Dragons) [6]
• Monstrorum historia cum Paralipomenis historiae omnium animalium (Bologna, 1642) [7] – digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf (Bononiae, 1658)
• Musaeum metallicum in libros IV distributum Bartholomaeus Ambrosinus (Bologna, 1648) [8]
• Dendrologiae naturalis scilicet arborum historiae libri duo sylua glandaria, acinosumq (Bologna, 1667) [9].

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