Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (German: Ludwig Rudolf) (22 July 1671 – 1 March 1735) ruled over the Wolfenbüttel subdivision of the duchy from 1731 until his death.
Louis Rudolph was the youngest son of Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He became a major general in the service of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1690 and was promptly captured in battle by France. After being released the same year, his father gave him the County of Blankenburg as a present, thus violating primogeniture.
In 1707, Blankenburg was raised to a principality of the Holy Roman Empire; in this way, Louis Rudolph became a ruling prince before his elder brother, Augustus William.
On the death of Augustus William in 1731, Louis Rudolph also inherited Wolfenbüttel. After Augustus William had almost ruined the state, Louis Rudolph managed to restore the finances.
Louis Rudolph died without male issue in 1735. He was succeeded by his first cousin, Ferdinand Albert II, who had married Louis Rudolph's youngest daughter, Antoinette Amalie.

Louis Rudolph married Christine Louise, daughter of Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen, at Aurich in 1690. They had the following children who reached adulthood:

• Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1691–1750), married Emperor Charles VI of Austria
• Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1694–1715), married Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia, Peter the Great's son and heir
• Antoinette Amalie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (14 April 1696 – 6 March 1762), married Duke Ferdinand Albert II of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Louis Rudolph's descendants include monarchs of World War I Allied Powers George V of the United Kingdom, Nicholas II of Russia, Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Albert I of the Belgians, Ferdinand I of Romania; monarchs of the Central Powers Wilhelm II of Germany, Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary, Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and Ferdinand I of Bulgaria; also the current monarchs of Spain, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands and Liechtenstein. His decendants also included the last rulers of several defunct kingdoms and empires including Francis II the last Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I of Austria, Ludwig III of Bavaria, Frederick Augustus III of Saxony, William II of Württemberg, Francis II of the Two Sicilies, Maximilian I of Mexico, Manuel II of Portugal, Pedro II of Brazil, Constantine II of Greece, Peter II of Yugoslavia, Napoleon II and Louis XVII of France.