Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden

Gustaf VI Adolf (Oscar Fredrik Wilhelm Olaf Gustaf Adolf; 11 November 1882 – 15 September 1973) was King of Sweden from 29 October 1950 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Gustaf V and his wife, Victoria of Baden, and had been Crown Prince of Sweden for the preceding 43 years in the reign of his father. Not long before his death at age 90, he approved the constitutional changes which removed the last traces of political power from the Swedish monarch. He was a lifelong amateur archeologist particularly interested in Ancient Italian cultures.

He was born at the Royal Palace in Stockholm and at birth created Duke of Scania. A patrilineal member of the Bernadotte family, he was also a descendant of the House of Vasa through maternal lines. Through his mother, Victoria, he was a descendant of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden of the deposed House of Holstein-Gottorp.

Gustaf Adolf became Crown Prince of Sweden on 8 December 1907, on the death of his grandfather, King Oscar II.

In 1938 he was elected an honorary member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati.

On 29 October 1950, Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf became king a few days before his 68th birthday, upon the death of his father, King Gustaf V. He was at the time the world's oldest heir apparent to a monarchy (this in turn was broken by his great-nephew Charles, Prince of Wales on 2 November 2016). His personal motto was Plikten framför allt, "Duty before all".

During Gustaf VI Adolf's reign, work was underway on a new Instrument of Government to replace the 1809 constitution and produce reforms consistent with the times. Among the reforms sought by some Swedes was the replacement of the monarchy or at least some moderation of the old constitution's provision that "The King alone shall govern the realm."

Gustaf VI Adolf's personal qualities made him popular among the Swedish people and, in turn, this popularity led to strong public opinion in favour of the retention of the monarchy. Gustaf VI Adolf's expertise and interest in a wide range of fields (architecture and botany being but two) made him respected, as did his informal and modest nature and his purposeful avoidance of pomp. While the monarchy had been de facto subordinate to the Riksdag and ministers since 1917, the king still nominally retained considerable reserve powers.These nominal powers were removed when Sweden's constitutional reform became complete in 1975, thus making Gustaf Adolf the last monarch to wield even nominal political power.

The King died in 1973, ten weeks shy of his 91st birthday, at the old hospital in Helsingborg, Scania, close to his summer residence, Sofiero Castle, after a deterioration in his health that culminated in pneumonia. He was succeeded on the throne by his 27-year-old grandson Carl XVI Gustaf, son of the late Prince Gustaf Adolf. He died the day before the election of 1973, which is suggested to have swayed it in support of the incumbent Social Democratic government. In a break with tradition, he was not buried in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm, but in the Royal Cemetery in Haga alongside his wives. He was the last surviving son of Gustaf V.

The King's reputation as a "professional amateur professor" was widely known; nationally and internationally, and among his relatives. Gustaf VI Adolf was a devoted archaeologist, and was admitted to the British Academy for his work in botany in 1958. Gustaf VI Adolf participated in archaeological expeditions in China, Greece, Korea and Italy, and founded the Swedish Institute in Rome.

Gustaf VI Adolf had an enormous private library consisting of 80 000 volumes and – nearly more impressively – he actually had read the main part of the books. He had an interest in specialist literature on Chinese art and East Asian history. Throughout his life, King Gustaf VI Adolf was particularly interested in the history of civilization, and he participated in several archaeological expeditions. His other great area of interest was botany, concentrating in flowers and gardening. He was considered an expert on the Rhododendron flower. At Sofiero Castle (the king's summer residence) he created one of the very finest Rhododendron collections.

Like his sons, Prince Gustaf Adolf and Prince Bertil, Gustaf VI Adolf maintained wide, lifelong interests in sports.He enjoyed tennis and golf, and fly fishing for charity. He was president of the Swedish Olympic Committee and the Swedish Sports Confederation from their foundations and until 1933, and these positions were then taken over by his sons in succession, Gustaf Adolf until 1947 and then Bertil until 1997.

According to all six books of memoires by his sons Sigvard and Carl Johan, nephew Lennart and of wives of the two sons, Gustaf Adolf from the 1930s on took a great and abiding interest in removing their royal titles and privileges (because of marriages that were unconstitutional at the time), persuaded his father Gustaf V to do so and to have the Royal Court call the three family members only Mr. Bernadotte.  

Gustaf Adolf married Princess Margaret of Connaught on 15 June 1905 in St. George's Chapel, at Windsor Castle. Princess Margaret was the daughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of the United Kingdom. Gustaf Adolf and Margaret had five children:

Crown Princess Margaret died suddenly on 1 May 1920 with her cause of death given as an infection following surgery. At the time, she was eight months pregnant and expecting their sixth child.

Gustaf Adolf married Lady Louise Mountbatten, formerly Princess Louise of Battenberg, on 3 November 1923 at St. James's Palace.She was the sister of Lord Mountbatten and aunt of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. It was Lady Louise who became Queen of Sweden. Both Queen Louise and her stepchildren were great-grandchildren of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

His second marriage produced only one stillborn daughter on 30 May 1925.

While his first wife visited her native Britain in the early years of their marriage, it was widely rumored in Sweden that Gustaf Adolf had an affair there with operetta star Rosa Grünberg. Swedish vocalist Carl E. Olivebring (1919–2002) in a press interview claimed to be an extramarital son of Gustaf VI Adolf, a claim taken seriously by the king's biographer Kjell Fridh (1944–1998).

King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden was the grandfather of his direct successor King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and also of former Queen Anne-Marie of Greece.

Titles and styles

• 11 November 1882 – 7 June 1905: His Royal Highness Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden and Norway, Duke of Scania
• 7 June 1905 – 8 December 1907: His Royal Highness Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Duke of Scania
• 8 December 1907 – 29 October 1950: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Sweden, Duke of Scania
• 29 October 1950 – 15 September 1973: His Majesty The King of Sweden

His title used in official documents was: Gustaf Adolf, by the Grace of God, Sweden's, Gothia's and Wendia's King (Swedish: Gustaf Adolf, med Guds nåde, Sveriges, Götes och Vendes Konung).

Honours

Swedish

Country	Date	Appointment
Sweden	11 November 1882 – 19 October 1950	Knight with Collar
	19 October 1950 – 15 September 1973	Sovereign
	11 November 1882 – 19 October 1950	Commander Grand Cross
	19 October 1950 – 15 September 1973	Sovereign
	11 November 1882 – 19 October 1950	Commander Grand Cross
	19 October 1950 – 15 September 1973	Sovereign
	1 June 1912 – 19 October 1950	Commander Grand Cross
	19 October 1950 – 15 September 1973	Sovereign
	11 November 1882 – 19 October 1950	Commander Grand Cross
	19 October 1950 – 15 September 1973	Sovereign
	18 September 1897
	20 September 1906
	6 June 1907
	16 June 1928
	16 June 1948

Quasi-Official Orders

• High Protector (and Honorary Knight) of the Order of St John in Sweden
• The Medal Illis Quorum Meruere Labores of the 18th size

Foreign

• Austria
  • Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1960)
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary (Austro-Hungarian Empire)
• Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
• • Knight of the Order of the Elephant (1903)
  • Grand Commander of the Order of Dannebrog (24 March 1952)
• Collar of the Order of Mohammed Ali
• Commander Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose
• Knight Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
• Germany
  • Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
  • Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle
  • Commander of the Order of the Red Eagle
  • Knight Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity
  • House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Rue Crown
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
• Knight Grand Cross decorated with Collar of the Order of the Falcon
• Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi
• Order of the Two Rivers
• Italy
  • Knight Grand Cross decorated with Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (14 June 1966)
  • Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (1905)
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1905)
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (1905)
• Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
• • Commander of the Order of St. Olav
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Norwegian Lion
• Knight of the Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class
• Order of the Sun with diamonds
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword
• • Knight of the Order of St. Andrew
  • Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stanislaus
  • Knight of The Class of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
  • Knight of the Order of the White Eagle
• Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (31 January 1910, 1126th Knight)
• Royal Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri
• • Stranger Knight of the Order of the Garter (1954, 913th member)
  • Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (1905, on occasion of his first marriage)
  • Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (1905, on occasion of his first marriage)
  • Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain

Honorary degrees

In 1918, Gustaf VI Adolf received an honorary doctorate at Lund University, in 1926 an Honorary Doctorate at Yale, Princeton and Clark Universities, at Cambridge in 1929 and in 1932 at the University of Dorpat.

Honorary military ranks

• Royal Air Force Air Chief Marshal 15 September 1959
• Royal Navy Admiral 1951

Arms and monogram

Upon his creation as Duke of Skåne, Gustaf Adolf was granted a coat of arms with the arms of Skåne in base. These arms can be seen on his stall-plates both as Knight of the Swedish order of the Seraphim in the Riddarsholmskyrkan in Sweden, but also the Frederiksborg Chapel in Copenhagen, Denmark, as a Knight of the Danish Order of the Elephant.Upon his accession to the throne in 1950, he assumed the Arms of Dominion of Sweden.