Felim O'Neill of Kinard

Sir Felim Rua O'Neill of Ceann Ard (Kinard) (c. 1602 – 1653), also called Phelim Roe O'Neill or Féilim Rua Ó Néill (Irish), was an Irish nobleman who led the Irish Rebellion of 1641 in Ulster, which began on 22 October 1641. He was a member of the Irish Catholic Confederation during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, where he fought under his kinsman and second cousin, Owen Roe O'Neill (Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill in Irish) in the Confederate Ulster Army. In 1653 Phelim O’Neill had sought refuge from the British on an old crannog in the nearby Roughan Lough while staying at Roughan Castle but was captured after his hiding place was betrayed.

Felim was born in 1604 as the eldest son of Turlough MacShane O'Neill and his wife Catherine. His father was a member of Kinard branch of the O'Neill dynasty. His father and grandfather were killed on 20 June 1608 in an action against Cahir O'Doherty. His grandfather, Sir Henry Óg O'Neill, had fought for his 2nd cousin and father-in-law, Hugh O'Neill in the Nine Years' War, but received a pardon and was confirmed in his lands in Tiranny and Minterburn. His second great-grandfather, Sean, a brother of Conn Bacach, had settled in Tynan parish by at least 1514 in a sub-district called Cluain Dabhal. Felim's name in Irish shows his paternal genealogy as: "Felim mac Turlogh Óg mac Henry Óg mac Henry mac Seán mac Conn Mór Ó Néill" (father of Conn Bacach O'Neill).

His mother was Catherine daughter of Turlough Mac Henry O Neill, Chief of the Fews branch of O'Neills. After his father's death, she remarried to Robert Hovenden, a Catholic of recent English descent. Their sons Robert Hovenden and Alexander Hovenden were Felim's half brothers. Captain Alexander Hovenden fought for Felim, but was killed in 1644.

O'Neill was a member of the Irish Parliament in the 1630s and studied law at King's Inns in London, as a knowledge of the subject was considered important for landowners of the era. He may have at one point briefly converted to Protestantism, before returning to Catholicism.

In 1639 O'Neill was awarded a knighthood by the Lord Lieutenant Thomas Wentworth thanks to the influence of his relation the Earl of Antrim. Shortly before the rising, O'Neill evicted some of his Gaelic tenants near Caledon and replaced them with British settler families who were able to pay higher rents.

However, in common with many Irish Catholics, and especially Gaelic Irishmen, O'Neill felt threatened by the Protestant English government of Ireland. In particular, they were aggrieved at Catholic exclusion from Public Office and the continual confiscations of Catholic owned land.

Plot

This fear reached its high point in the late 1630s and early 1640s, when Thomas Wentworth, a minister of Charles I, was known to be planning widespread new plantations. A crisis point was reached in 1641, when the Scottish Covenanters and English Long Parliament threatened to invade Ireland to finally subdue Catholicism there. In this atmosphere of fear and paranoia, Felim O'Neill became involved in a plot hatched by fellow Gaelic Irish Catholics from Ulster, to seize Dublin and swiftly take over the other important towns of Ireland. After this, they planned to issue their demands for full rights for Catholics and Irish self-government in the King's name. O'Neill's role was to take towns and fortified places in the north of the country.

O'Neill was a latecomer to the plot, brought into it by Lord Maguire in early September 1641. O'Neill was instrumental in shaping many of the political objectives of the rebellion. He rapidly assumed command of the Ulster rising, while Maguire was tasked with seizing Dublin Castle.

Outbreak

However, the plan to take Dublin was bungled by two conspirators, Maguire and MacMahon, who were captured by the authorities. O'Neill went ahead and started the rebellion in the north, capturing the important fort of Charlemont, but quickly found that he could not control the Irish Catholic peasantry he had raised. These people, many of whom had been displaced during the Plantation of Ulster, began attacking the Scottish and English Protestant settlers with varying intensity over a period of 5 months. Being in command, O'Neill has been blamed for complicity or lack of oversight in these massacres, the detail of which is still a matter of contentious debate.

On 24 October 1641 O'Neill issued the Proclamation of Dungannon in which he claimed to have the King's authorisation to rise in defence of the Crown and the Catholic religion. On 4 November 1641 O'Neill again issued the proclamation at Newry and read out a commission from Charles I of England dated 1 October, commanding him to seize: "...all the forts, castles, and places, of strength and defence within the kingdom, except the places, persons, and estates of Our loyal and loving subjects the Scots; also to arrest and seize the goods, estates, and persons of all the English Protestants, within the said kingdom to Our use. And in your care and speedy performance of this Our will and pleasure We shall rely on your wonted duty and allegiance to Us which We shall accept and reward in due time." This gave O'Neill's forces the impression that they were acting within the law. Charles later denied issuing the commission.

Like other rebel leaders O'Neill had difficulty with the discipline of his troops, which was compounded by his comparative lack of social status. In an effort to improve this O'Neill planned to have himself declared Earl of Tyrone at the historic site of Tullyhogue.

Nalson, in his "History of the General Rebellion in Ireland", described Sir Phelim as follows: "Sir Phelemy Roe O Neill, captain-generall of all the rebels, and chieftain of the O Neills, O Hagans, O Quyns, O Mellans, O Hanlons, O Corrs, McCans, McCawells, Mac Enallyes, O Gormelys, and the rest of the Irish septs in the counties of Tyrone and Ardmagh."

Having largely succeeded in Ulster, O'Neill, along with Rory O'Moore, then tried to march on Dublin, defeating a government force at the Battle of Julianstown, but failed in the Siege of Drogheda 1641.

The rebellion quickly spread to the rest of Ireland. By the spring of 1642 only fortified Protestant enclaves, around Dublin, Cork and Derry, held out. King Charles I sent a large army to Ireland, which would probably have put down the rebellion, had the English Civil War not broken out. As it was, the Irish Catholic upper classes had breathing space to form the Irish Catholic Confederation, which acted as a de facto independent government of Ireland until 1649. Felim O'Neill was a member of the Confederate's parliament, named the General Assembly, but was sidelined in the leadership of Irish Catholics by wealthier landed magnates.

On the military side, O'Neill was also sidelined. After his disastrous defeat on 16 July 1642 at Glenmaquin near Raphoe in County Donegal against the Protestant Lagan Army led by Sir William Stuart, his kinsman, Owen Roe O'Neill, a professional soldier, arrived from the Spanish Netherlands and was made general of the Confederate's Ulster army. Felim O'Neill was a cavalry commander in this force, and spent most of the next six years fighting against the Scottish Covenanter army that had landed in Ulster. He fought in the army's victory at the Battle of Benburb on 5 June 1646.

In Confederate politics, O'Neill was a moderate, advocating a deal with Charles I and the Irish and English Royalists as a means of winning the war against the English Parliament and the Scottish Covenanters. In 1648, he voted for such a deal, the Second Ormonde Peace, splitting with Owen Roe O'Neill, who opposed it along with most of the Ulster army. He and several other moderates such as Alexander MacDonnell and Viscount Iveagh left the Ulster army because of their dispute with the hard-liners. In the summer of that year, the Confederate armies fought among themselves over this issue, with the pro-Royalists prevailing.

However, this was not enough to stop Ireland being conquered by the New Model Army of Oliver Cromwell in 1649–53. The well trained and supplied Parliamentarians crushed all Confederate and Royalist resistance and imposed a harsh settlement on Irish Catholics.

In November 1649 Phelim married Jean Gordon the widow of Claude Hamilton, 2nd Baron Hamilton of Strabane, who had died on 14 June 1638.

Felim O'Neill fought in the Ulster Army at the Battle of Scarrifholis in 1650 where it was routed by the Charles Coote. O'Neill escaped the battle and retreated with a rest of the Ulster army to the Charlemont Fort. Together with Lord Strabane, he held the fort against Coote inflicting heavy casualties on the English troops in the Siege of Charlemont but had to surrender on terms on 6 August 1650 and marching away with his remaining troops was expected to embark and take service in France. However O'Neill decided to rather go into hiding.

Anyone implicated in the Rebellion of 1641 was held responsible for the massacres of Protestant civilians and was executed. O'Neill was specifically named as a ringleader in the Cromwellian Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 and could therefore have expected little mercy. A sum of £100 were put on his head. O'Neill was captured on 4 February 1653 by William Caulfeild, 1st Viscount Charlemont on a crannog (island) in Roughan Lough next too Roughan Castle, Newmills, County Tyrone where he had taken refuge. He was taken to Dublin, where his trial was conducted. He was found guilty, hanged, drawn and quartered for treason on 10 March 1652/3.

O'Neill may have been able to avoid execution if he had testified that he had Charles I's commission for the uprising of 1641, as the Parliamentarians had claimed at the time. However, O'Neill refused to do this. O'Neill was executed on 10 March 1653, in accordance with the verdict of a High Court set up in Dublin by the Cromwellian government.

O'Neill is depicted as an historical character in several books. Annraoi Ó Liatháin's Irish language novel Dún na Cinniúna centers on the 1651 siege of Charlemont Fort in Tyrone.

O'Neill's defeat at the battle of Glanmaquin in 1642 is described in Darach Ó Scolaí's novel An Cléireach.

He was survived by at least one child, Gordon O'Neill, who served as a Colonel in the Jacobite forces during the Williamite War.

The use of "P. O'Neill" as a pseudonym in Provisional IRA public statements is thought by some to be a reference to Phelim O'Neill.