Charles Williams (British writer)

Charles Walter Stansby Williams (20 September 1886 – 15 May 1945) was a British poet, novelist, playwright, theologian, literary critic, and member of the Inklings.

Williams was born in London in 1886, the only son of (Richard) Walter Stansby Williams (1848-1929), a journalist and foreign business correspondent for an importing firm, writing in French and German), who was a 'regular and valued' contributor of verse, stories and articles to many popular magazines, and his wife Mary (née Wall, the sister of the ecclesiologist and historian J. Charles Wall), a former milliner, of Islington. He had one sister, Edith, born in 1889. The Williams family lived in 'shabby-genteel' circumstances, owing to Walter's increasing blindness and the decline of the firm by which he was employed, in Holloway.

Educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire, Williams was awarded a scholarship to University College London, but he was left school in 1904 without attempting to gain a degree due to an inability to pay tuition fees.

No longer in college, Williams began work in 1904 in a Methodist bookroom. He was hired by the Oxford University Press (OUP) as a proofreading assistant in 1908 and quickly climbed to the position of editor. He continued to work at the OUP in various positions of increasing responsibility until his death in 1945. One of his greatest editorial achievements was the publication of the first major English-language edition of the works of Søren Kierkegaard.

Although chiefly remembered as a novelist, Williams also published poetry, works of literary criticism, theology, drama, history, biography, and a voluminous number of book reviews. Some of his best known novels are War in Heaven (1930), Descent into Hell (1937), and All Hallows' Eve (1945). T. S. Eliot, who wrote an introduction for the last of these, described Williams's novels as "supernatural thrillers" because they explore the sacramental intersection of the physical with the spiritual while also examining the ways in which power, even spiritual power, can corrupt as well as sanctify. All of Williams's fantasies, unlike those of J. R. R. Tolkien and most of those of C. S. Lewis, are set in the contemporary world. Williams has been described by Colin Manlove as one of the three main writers of "Christian fantasy" in the twentieth century (the other two being C. S. Lewis and T. F. Powys). More recent writers of fantasy novels with contemporary settings, notably Tim Powers, cite Williams as a model and inspiration. W. H. Auden, one of Williams's greatest admirers, reportedly re-read Williams's extraordinary and highly unconventional history of the church, The Descent of the Dove (1939), every year. Williams's study of Dante entitled The Figure of Beatrice (1944) was very highly regarded at its time of publication and continues to be consulted by Dante scholars today. His work inspired Dorothy L. Sayers to undertake her translation of The Divine Comedy. Williams, however, regarded his most important work to be his extremely dense and complex Arthurian poetry, of which two books were published, Taliessin through Logres (1938) and The Region of the Summer Stars (1944), and more remained unfinished at his death. Some of Williams' best essays were collected and published in Anne Ridler's Image of the City and Other Essays (1958).

Williams gathered many followers and disciples during his lifetime. He was, for a period, a member of the Salvator Mundi Temple of the Fellowship of the Rosy Cross. He met fellow Anglican Evelyn Underhill (who was affiliated with a similar group, the Order of the Golden Dawn) in 1937 and was later to write the introduction to her published Letters in 1943.

When World War II broke out in 1939, Oxford University Press moved its offices from London to Oxford. Williams was reluctant to leave his beloved city, and Florence refused to go. From the nearly 700 letters he wrote his wife during the war years a generous selection has been published; "primarily...love letters," the editor calls them. But the move to Oxford did allow him to participate regularly in Lewis’s literary society known as the Inklings. In this setting Williams was able to read (and improve) his final published novel, All Hallows' Eve, as well as to hear J. R. R. Tolkien read aloud to the group some of his early drafts of The Lord of the Rings. In addition to meeting in Lewis's rooms at Oxford, they also regularly met at The Eagle and Child pub in Oxford (better known by its nickname "The Bird and Baby"). During this time Williams also gave lectures at Oxford on John Milton, William Wordsworth, and other authors, and received an honorary M.A. degree. Williams is buried in Holywell Cemetery in Oxford: his headstone bears the word "poet", followed by the words "Under the Mercy", a phrase often used by Williams himself.

In 1917 Williams married his first sweetheart, Florence Conway, following a long courtship during which he presented her with a sonnet sequence that would later become his first published book of poetry, The Silver Stair. Their son Michael was born in 1924.

Later, he would struggle to reconcile a long-lasting (but probably unconsummated: indeed only vaguely, at most, reciprocated) love affair with Phyllis Jones (who joined the Oxford University Press in 1924 as librarian) with his Christian faith (he was an unswerving and devoted member of the Church of England, reputedly with a tolerance of the scepticism of others and a firm belief in the necessity of a "doubting Thomas" in any apostolic body).

Williams also formed master-disciple relationships with young woman admirers. The best known (though probably not the most significant) of these occurred in the early 1940s with Lois Lang-Sims. Lang-Sims, whom Williams referred to as Lalage, published a series of letters that Williams wrote to her during this period in a volume entitled Letters to Lalage (1989).

Although Williams attracted the attention and admiration of some of the most notable writers of his day, including T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden, his greatest admirer was probably C. S. Lewis, whose novel That Hideous Strength (1945) has been regarded as partially inspired by his acquaintance with both the man and his novels and poems. Williams came to know Lewis after reading Lewis's then-recently published study The Allegory of Love; he was so impressed he jotted down a letter of congratulation and dropped it in the mail. Coincidentally, Lewis had just finished reading Williams's novel The Place of the Lion and had written a similar note of congratulation. The letters crossed in the mail and led to an enduring and fruitful friendship.

Williams developed the concept of co-inherence, described as a theology of romantic love. Co-inherence was a term used in Patristic theology to describe the relationship between the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ, and the relationship between the persons of the blessed Trinity. Williams extended the term to include the ideal relationship between the individual parts of God's creation, including human beings. It is our mutual indwelling: Christ in us and we in Christ, interdependent. It is also the web of interrelationships, social and economic and ecological, by which the social fabric and the natural world function. But especially for Williams, co-inherence is a way of talking about the Body of Christ and the communion of saints. For Williams, salvation was not a solitary affair: "The thread of the love of God was strong enough to save you and all the others, but not strong enough to save you alone." He proposed an order, the Companions of the Co-inherence, who would practice substitution and exchange, living in love-in-God, truly bearing one another's burdens, being willing to sacrifice and to forgive, living from and for one another in Christ. According to Gunnar Urang, co-inherence is the focus of all Williams's novels.

He is writing that sort of book in which we begin by saying, let us suppose that this everyday world were at some one point invaded by the marvelous.

— C. S. Lewis on Charles Williams' novels

• Shadows of Ecstasy. 1933.  – A humanistic adept has discovered that by focusing his energies inward he can extend his life almost indefinitely. He undertakes an experiment using African lore to die and resurrect his own body thereby assuring his immortality. His followers begin a revolutionary movement to supplant European civilisation. The first of Williams's novels to be written, though not the first published.
• War in Heaven. 1930.  – The Holy Grail surfaces in an obscure country parish and becomes variously a sacramental object to protect or a vessel of power to exploit.
• Many Dimensions. 1931.  – An evil antiquarian illegally purchases the fabled Stone of Suleiman (Williams uses this Muslim form rather than the more familiar King Solomon) from its Islamic guardian in Baghdad and returns to England to discover not only that the Stone can multiply itself infinitely without diminishing the original, but that it also allows its possessor to transcend the barriers of space and time.
• "Et in Sempiternum Pereant," 1931? (first published in 1986) – Lord Arglay (protagonist in Many Dimensions) risks his life in a vain effort to rescue a ghost on the path to damnation.
• The Place of the Lion. 1931.  – Platonic archetypes begin to appear around an English country town, wreaking havoc and drawing to the surface the spiritual strengths and flaws of individual characters.
• The Greater Trumps. 1932.  – The original Tarot deck is used to unlock enormous metaphysical powers by allowing the possessors to see across space and time, create matter, and raise powerful natural storms.
• Descent into Hell. 1937.  – Generally thought to be Williams's best novel, Descent deals with various forms of selfishness, and how the cycle of sin brings about the necessity for redemptive acts. In it, an academic becomes so far removed from the world that he fetishises a woman to the extent that his perversion takes the form of a succubus. Other characters include a doppelgänger, the ghost of a suicidal Victorian labourer, and a playwright modelled in some ways on the author. It is illustrative of Williams's belief in the replacement of sin and substitutional love.
• All Hallows' Eve. 1945.  – Opens with a discussion between the ghosts of two dead women wandering about London. Ultimately explores the meaning of human suffering and empathy by dissolving the barrier between the living and the dead through both black magic and divine love.

• Lewis, CS. You tube (audio). Google. .
• Glen Cavaliero, "A Metaphysical Epiphany? Charles Williams and the Art of the Ghost Story," in The Rhetoric of Vision, ed. Charles A. Huttar and Peter J. Schakel. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1996 (pp. 93–97).

Novels

• 1930: War in Heaven (London: Victor Gollancz)
• 1930: Many Dimensions (London: Victor Gollancz)
• 1931: The Place of the Lion (London: Mundanus)
• 1932: The Greater Trumps (London: Victor Gollancz)
• 1933: Shadows of Ecstasy (London: Victor Gollancz)
• 1937: Descent into Hell (London: Faber & Faber)
• 1945: All Hallows' Eve (London: Faber & Faber)
• 1970–72: The Noises That Weren’t There. Unfinished. First three chapters published in Mythlore 6 (Autumn 1970), 7 (Winter 1971) and 8 (Winter 1972).

Plays

• c. 1912: The Chapel of the Thorn (edited by Sørina Higgins; Berkeley: Apocryphile Press, 2014)
• 1930: A Myth of Shakespeare (London: Oxford University Press)
• 1930: A Myth of Francis Bacon (Published in the Charles Williams Society Newsletter, 11, 12, and 14)
• 1929–31: Three Plays (London: Oxford University Press)
  • The Rite of the Passion (1929)
  • The Chaste Wanton (1930)
  • The Witch (1931)
• 1963: Collected Plays by Charles Williams (edited by John Heath-Stubbs; London: Oxford University Press)
  • Thomas Cranmer of Canterbury (1936). Canterbury Festival play, following T. S. Eliot's Murder in the Cathedral in the preceding (inaugural) year.
  • Seed of Adam (1937)
  • Judgement at Chelmsford (1939)
  • The Death of Good Fortune (1939)
  • The House by the Stable (1939)
  • Terror of Light (1940)
  • Grab and Grace (1941)
  • The Three Temptations (1942)
  • House of the Octopus (1945)
• 2000: The Masques of Amen House (edited by David Bratman. Mythopoeic Press).
  • The Masque of the Manuscript (1927)
  • The Masque of Perusal (1929)
  • The Masque of the Termination of Copyright (1930)

Poetry

• 1912: The Silver Stair (London: Herbert and Daniel)
• 1917: Poems of Conformity (London: Oxford University Press)
• 1920: Divorce (London: Oxford University Press)
• 1924: Windows of Night (London: Oxford University Press)
• 1930: Heroes and Kings (London: Sylvan Press)
• 1954: Taliessin through Logres (1938) and The Region of the Summer Stars (1944) (London: Oxford University Press)
• 1991: Charles Williams, ed. David Llewellyn Dodds (Woodbridge and Cambridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer: Arthurian Poets series). Part II, Uncollected and unpublished poems (pp. 149–281).

Theology

• 1938: He Came Down from Heaven (London: Heinemann).
• 1939: The Descent of the Dove: A Short History of the Holy Spirit in the Church (London: Longmans, Green)
• 1941: Witchcraft (London: Faber & Faber)
• 1942: The Forgiveness of Sins (London: G. Bles)
• 1958: The Image of the City and Other Essays (edited by Anne Ridler; London: Oxford University Press). Parts II through V
• 1990: Outlines of Romantic Theology (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans)

Literary criticism

• 1930: Poetry at Present (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
• 1932: The English Poetic Mind (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
• 1933: Reason and Beauty in the Poetic Mind (Oxford: Clarendon Press)
• 1943: The Figure of Beatrice (London: Faber & Faber)
• 1948: The Figure of Arthur (unfinished), in Arthurian Torso, ed. C. S. Lewis (London: Oxford University Press)
• 1958: The Image of the City and Other Essays (edited by Anne Ridler; London: Oxford University Press). Parts I and VI
• 1974: Religion and Love in Dante: The Theology of Romantic Love (Pennsylvania: Folcroft Library Editions).
• 2003: The Detective Fiction Reviews of Charles Williams (edited by Jared C. Lobdell; McFarland)

Biography

• 1933: Bacon (London: Arthur Barker)
• 1933: A Short Life of Shakespeare (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Abridgment of the 2-volume work by Sir Edmund Chambers
• 1934: James I (London: Arthur Barker)
• 1935: Rochester (London: Arthur Barker)
• 1936: Queen Elizabeth (London: Duckworth)
• 1937: Henry VII (London: Arthur Barker)
• 1937: Stories of Great Names (London: Oxford University Press). Alexander, Julius Caesar, Charlemagne, Joan of Arc, Shakespeare, Voltaire, John Wesley
• 1946: Flecker of Dean Close (London: Canterbury Press)

Other works

• 1989: Letters to Lalage: The Letters of Charles Williams to Lois Lang-Sims (Kent State University Press)
• 2002: To Michal from Serge: Letters from Charles Williams to His Wife, Florence, 1939–1945 (edited by Roma King Jr.; Kent State University Press)
• 1986: "Et in Sempiternum Pereant" (a short story) in The Oxford Book of English Ghost Stories (London: Oxford University Press)
• Introduction to Evelyn Underhill’s Letters
• Introduction to the second edition of Gerard Manley Hopkins's Poems
• Introduction to Søren Kierkegaard's The Present Age
• The Story of the Aeneid as retold by Williams
• selected daily readings in A New Christian Year and The Passion of Christ

• Williams, Charles (1945). All Hallows' Eve. Faber & Faber. 
• David Llewellyn Dodds, "The Chapel of the Thorn, an Unknown Dramatic Poem by C. Williams," Inklings Jahrbuch 5 (1987): 134,

• Ashenden, Gavin (2007), Charles Williams: Alchemy and Integration, Kent State University Press .
• Carpenter, Humphrey (1978), The Inklings, London: Allen & Unwin .
• Cavaliero, Glen (1983), Charles Williams: Poet of Theology, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans .
• Dunning, Stephen M. (2000), The Crisis and the Quest – A Kierkegaardian Reading of Charles Williams, Paternoster Biblical and Theological Monographs .
• Fiddes, Paul S. (2015), "Charles Williams and the Problem of Evil", in C. S. Lewis and His Circle: Essays and Memoirs from the Oxford C. S. Lewis Society, edited by Roger White, Judith Wolfe, and Brendan N. Wolfe. pp. 65-88, Oxford University Press .
• Glyer, Diana Pavlac (2007), The Company They Keep: C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien as Writers in Community, Kent, O.: Kent State University Press, ISBN 978-0-87338-890-0 .
• Hadfield, Alice Mary (1983), Charles Williams: An Exploration of His Life and Work, Oxford: Oxford UP .
• Heath-Stubbs, John (1955), Charles Williams (pamphlets) (British council), Writers & their work, London: Longmans .
• Hefling, Charles (2011), "Charles Williams: Words, Images, and (the) Incarnation", in Hein, David; Henderson, Edward, C. S. Lewis and Friends: Faith and the Power of Imagination, London: SPCK, pp. 73–90 .
• Hillegas, Mark R., ed. (1969), Shadows of Imagination: The Fantasies of C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
• Horne, Brian (1995), Charles Williams: A Celebration, Gracewing, ISBN 0-852-44331-5 .
• Howard, Thomas (1983), The Novels of Charles Williams, New York and London: Oxford University Press .
• Huttar, Charles A; Schakel, Peter J, eds. (1996), The Rhetoric of Vision: Essays on Charles Williams, Lewisburg, London: Bucknell University Press, Associated University Presses .
• Karlson, Henry (2010), Thinking with the Inklings, ISBN 1-4505-4130-5 .
• King, Roma A., Jr. (1990), The Pattern in the Web: The Mythical Poetry of Charles Williams. Kent, O., and London: Kent State University Press.
• Lewis, C. S. (1948), "Williams and the Arthuriad," in Arthurian Torso, ed. C. S. Lewis, London: Oxford University Press, pp. 93–200.
• Lindop, Grevel (2015), Charles Williams: The Third Inkling, Oxford University Press 
• Moorman, Charles (1960), Arthurian Triptych: Mythic Materials in Charles Williams, C. S. Lewis, and T. S. Eliot, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• Moorman, Charles (1966), The Precincts of Felicity: The Augustinian City of the Oxford Christians. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
• Shideler, Mary McDermott (1966), Charles Williams: A Critical Essay, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans .
• Owen, James A, The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica (series)  features Charles Williams, C.S. Lewis, and J.R.R. Tolkien as the main characters.
• Sibley, Agnes (1982), Charles Williams, Boston: Twayne .
• Walsh, Chad (1974), "Charles Williams' Novels and the Contemporary Mutation of Consciousness", in Montgomery, John Warwick, Myth, Allegory and Gospel: An Interpretation of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, G.K. Chesterton, Charles Williams, Minneapolis: Bethany Fellowship, pp. 53–77 .
• Ware, Kallistos (2015), "Sacramentalism in C. S. Lewis and Charles Williams", in C. S. Lewis and His Circle: Essays and Memoirs from the Oxford C. S. Lewis Society, edited by Roger White, Judith Wolfe, and Brendan N. Wolfe. pp. 53-64, Oxford University Press .
• Wendling, Susan (2006), "Charles Williams: Priest of the Co-inherence", in INKLINGS Forever, Vol. V, a collection of essays presented at the Fifth Frances White Ewbank Colloquium on C.S. Lewis and Friends, presented at Taylor University.