Robert William Thomson

Robert William Thomson (baptised 26 July 1822 – 8 March 1873), from Stonehaven, Scotland, was the original inventor of the pneumatic tyre.

Born in Stonehaven in the north east of Scotland, Robert was the eleventh of twelve children of a local woollen mill owner. His family wished him to study for the ministry but Robert refused, one reason being his inability to master Latin. He left school at the age of 14 and went to live with an uncle in Charleston, United States, where he was apprenticed to a merchant. Two years later he returned home and taught himself chemistry, electricity and astronomy with the help of a local weaver who had a knowledge of mathematics.

Robert's father gave him a workshop, and by the time he was 17 years old he had rebuilt his mother's washing mangle so that the wet linen could be passed through the rollers in either direction, had successfully designed and built a ribbon saw, and had completed the first working model of his elliptic rotary steam engine which he perfected in later life. He served an engineering apprenticeship in Aberdeen and Dundee before joining a civil engineering company in Glasgow. He then went to work for an Edinburgh firm of civil engineers where he devised a new method of detonating explosive charges by the use of electricity, thus greatly reducing the loss of lives in mines throughout the world.

Thomson next worked as a railway engineer and supervised the blasting of chalk cliffs near Dover for the South Eastern Railway. Soon he set up his own railway consultancy business and proposed the line for the Eastern Counties Railway which was accepted by Parliament and eventually developed.

Thomson was only 23 years old when he patented his pneumatic tyre. He was granted a patent in France in 1846 and in the US in 1847. His tyre consisted of a hollow belt of India-rubber inflated with air so that the wheels presented "a cushion of air to the ground, rail or track on which they run". This elastic belt of rubberised canvas was enclosed within a strong outer casing of leather which was bolted to the wheel. Thomson's "Aerial Wheels" were demonstrated in London's Regent's Park in March 1847 and were fitted to several horse-drawn carriages, greatly improving the comfort of travel and reducing noise. One set ran for 1200 miles without sign of deterioration.

Thomson married Clara Hertz (daughter of a diamond merchant) at Java, they had two sons & two daughters.

A tribute to Thomson in his birthplace, Stonehaven

• Pneumatic tyre ( see US Patent 5104 )
• Writing and drawing instruments (the self-filling pen)
• Improvements in obtaining and applying motive power
• Dividing hard substances such as rock stone and coal
• Steam boilers
• Improvements in steam gauges
• Steam omnibuses
• Applying steam power in cultivating land
• Elastic wheel tyres
• Road steamers
• Guiding road steamers on street tramways
• Elastic belts, seats and other supports or cushions.

Thomson was also the originator of:

• The washing mangle with reversible mangles
• The ribbon saw
• Elliptical rotary engine
• Use of electricity to detonate explosive charges
• Machinery for sugar manufacturing
• The portable steam crane
• Hydraulic dry dock