Red Garland

William McKinley "Red" Garland, Jr. (May 13, 1923 – April 23, 1984) was an American modern jazz pianist. Known for his work as a bandleader and during the 1950s with Miles Davis, Garland helped popularize the block chord style of piano playing.

William "Red" Garland was born in 1923 in Dallas, Texas. He began his musical studies on the clarinet and alto saxophone but, in 1941, switched to the piano. Less than five years later, Garland joined the trumpet player Hot Lips Page, well-known in the southwest, playing with him until a tour ended in New York in March 1946. With Garland having decided to stay in New York to find work, Art Blakey came across Garland playing at a small club, only to return the next night with Blakey's boss, Billy Eckstine.

Garland also had a short-lived career as a welterweight boxer in the 1940s. He fought more than 35 fights, one being an exhibition bout with Sugar Ray Robinson.

1955–58 – Miles Davis Quintet

Garland became famous in 1954 when he joined the Miles Davis Quintet, featuring John Coltrane, Philly Joe Jones, and Paul Chambers. Davis was a fan of boxing and was impressed that Garland had boxed earlier in his life. Together, the group recorded their famous Prestige albums, Miles: The New Miles Davis Quintet (1954), Workin, Steamin', Cookin', and Relaxin'. Garland's style is prominent in these seminal recordings—evident in his distinctive chord voicings, his sophisticated accompaniment, and his musical references to Ahmad Jamal's style. Some observers dismissed Garland as a "cocktail" pianist, but Miles was pleased with his style, having urged Garland to absorb some of Jamal's lightness of touch and harmonics within his own approach.

Garland played on the first of Davis's many Columbia recordings, 'Round About Midnight (1957). Though he would continue playing with Miles, their relationship was beginning to deteriorate. By 1958, Garland and Jones had started to become more erratic in turning up for recordings and shows. He was eventually fired by Miles, but later returned to play on another jazz classic, Milestones. Davis was displeased when Garland quoted Davis's much earlier, and by then famous, solo from "Now's The Time" in block chords during the slower take of "Straight, No Chaser". Garland walked out of one of the sessions for Milestones, so that on the track "Sid's Ahead", Davis comped behind the saxophone solos.

1958–84 – After the Miles Davis Quintet

In 1958, Garland formed his own trio. Among the musicians the trio recorded with are Pepper Adams, Nat Adderley, Ray Barretto, Kenny Burrell, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Jimmy Heath, Harold Land, Philly Joe Jones, Blue Mitchell, Ira Sullivan, and Leroy Vinnegar. The trio also recorded as a quintet with John Coltrane and Donald Byrd. Altogether, Garland led 19 recording sessions while at Prestige Records and 25 sessions for Fantasy Records. He stopped playing professionally for a number of years in the 1960s when the popularity of rock music coincided with a substantial drop in the popularity of jazz.

Garland eventually returned to his native Texas in the 1970s to care for his aged mother. He led a recording in 1977, named Crossings, which reunited him with Philly Joe Jones, and he teamed up with bassist Ron Carter. His later work tended to sound more modern and less polished than his better known recordings. He continued recording until his death from a heart attack on April 23, 1984 at the age of 60.

Garland's trademark block chord technique, a commonly borrowed maneuver in jazz piano today, was unique and differed from the methods of earlier block chord pioneers such as George Shearing and Milt Buckner. Garland's block chords were constructed of three notes in the right hand and four in the left hand, with the right hand one octave above the left. Garland's left hand played four-note chords that simultaneously beat out the same exact rhythm as the right-hand melody played. But unlike George Shearing's block chord method, Garland's left-hand chords did not change positions or inversions until the next chord change occurred. It is also worth noting that Garland's four-note left-hand chord voicings frequently left out the roots of the chords, a chord style later associated with pianist Bill Evans.

As leader

Compilations

• Rediscovered Masters (Prestige 1958-1961; released 1977)

As sideman

With Arnett Cobb

• Sizzlin' (Prestige, 1960)
• Ballads by Cobb (Moodsville, 1960)

With John Coltrane

• Tenor Conclave (Prestige 1957) with Al Cohn, Hank Mobley, and Zoot Sims
• John Coltrane with the Red Garland Trio (Prestige 1957; reissued as Traneing In)
• Soultrane (Prestige 1958)
• Lush Life (Prestige 1961)
• Settin' The Pace (Prestige 1961)
• The Believer (Prestige 1964)
• The Last Trane (Prestige 1965)

With Miles Davis

• The Musings of Miles(Prestige 1955)
• Miles: The New Miles Davis Quintet(Prestige 1955)
• Cookin' with The Miles Davis Quintet(Prestige 1956)
• Relaxin' with The Miles Davis Quintet (Prestige 1956)
• Workin' with The Miles Davis Quintet (Prestige 1956)
• Steamin' with The Miles Davis Quintet (Prestige 1956)
• 'Round About Midnight (Columbia 1957)
• Milestones(Columbia 1958)

With Curtis Fuller

• Curtis Fuller with Red Garland (Prestige 1957)

With Jackie McLean

• McLean's Scene (Prestige 1956)

With Charlie Parker

• Charlie Parker at Storyville (Blue Note 1953)

With Art Pepper

• Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section (Contemporary 1957)

With Sonny Rollins

• Tenor Madness (Prestige 1956)

With Phil Woods

• Sugan (Prestige Status, 1957)