Michael Hardt

Michael Hardt (born 1960) is an American literary theorist and political philosopher. Hardt is best known for his book Empire, which was co-written with Antonio Negri. It has been praised by some as the "Communist Manifesto of the 21st Century".
Hardt and Negri suggest that several forces which they see as dominating contemporary life, such as class oppression, globalization and the commodification of services (or production of affects), have the potential to spark social change of unprecedented dimensions. A sequel, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire was published in August 2004. It outlines an idea first propounded in Empire, which is that of the multitude as possible locus of a democratic movement of global proportions. The third and final part of the trilogy, Commonwealth, was published in 2009.

Hardt attended Winston Churchill High School in Potomac, Maryland. He studied engineering at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania from 1978 to 1983. In college during the 1970s energy crisis, he began to take an interest in alternative energy sources. Talking about his college politics, he said, "I thought that doing alternative energy engineering for third world countries would be a way of doing politics that would get out of all this campus political posing that I hated. It seemed that way, but I was quickly disabused."

During college, he worked for various solar energy companies. Hardt also participated, after college, in the Sanctuary Movement and later helped establish a project to bring donated computers from the United States and put them together for the University of El Salvador. Yet, he says that this political activity did more for him than it did for the Salvadorans.

In 1983, he moved to Seattle to study comparative literature at the University of Washington. While working on his PhD, Hardt began to translate Antonio Negri’s book on Baruch Spinoza, The Savage Anomaly, in order to come into contact with him. He first met Negri in Paris in the summer of 1986 to discuss translation difficulties. After their meeting, Hardt decided to complete his graduate exams and move to Paris the following summer. He received an M.A. in 1986 and completed his dissertation on Gilles Deleuze in 1990, with which he earned his PhD.

After briefly teaching at the University of Southern California, Hardt began teaching in the Literature Program at Duke University in 1994. He is currently professor of Literature and Italian at Duke.

Hardt is concerned with the joy of political life, and has stated, "One has to expand the concept of love beyond the limits of the couple." The politics of the multitude is not solely about controlling the means of productivity or liberating one's own subjectivity. These two are also linked to love and joy of political life and realizing political goals.

Hardt does not consider teaching a revolutionary occupation, nor does he think the college is a particularly political institution. "But thinking of politics now as a project of social transformation on a large scale, I'm not at all convinced that political activity can come from the university."

Hardt says visions of a public education and equal and open access to the university are gradually disappearing: the "war on terror" has promoted only limited military and technological knowledges, while the required skills of the biopolitical economy, "the creation of ideas, images, code, affects, and other immaterial goods" are not yet recognized as the primary key to economic innovation. Many of Hardt's works have been co-written with Antonio Negri.

In May 2012 Hardt and Negri self-published an electronic pamphlet on the occupation and encampment movements of 2011-2012 called Declaration that argues the movement explores new forms of democracy.

Books

• Gilles Deleuze: an Apprenticeship in Philosophy, ISBN 0-8166-2161-6, 1993
• Labor of Dionysus: a Critique of the State-form, with Antonio Negri, ISBN 0-8166-2086-5, 1994
• Empire, with Antonio Negri, ISBN 0-674-00671-2, 2000
• Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, with Antonio Negri, ISBN 1-59420-024-6, 2004
• Commonwealth, with Antonio Negri, ISBN 0-674-03511-9, 2009
• Declaration, with Antonio Negri, ISBN 0-786-75290-4, 2012

Selected Articles

• "The Withering of Civil Society". Social Text. Duke University Press (45): 27–44. 1995. doi:10.2307/466673. 
• "Prison Time". Yale French Studies. Yale University Press (91): 64–79. 1997. doi:10.2307/2930374. 
• "The Global Society of Control". Discourse. Wayne State University Press. 20 (3): 139–152. 1998. 
• "Affective Labor". boundary 2. Duke University Press. 26 (2): 89–100. 1999. 
• "Sovereignty". Theory and Event. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5 (4). 2001. doi:10.1353/tae.2001.0040. 
• "Porto Alegre: Today's Bandung?". New Left Review. New Left Review. II (14). March–April 2002. 
• "Jefferson and Democracy". American Quarterly. Johns Hopkins University Press. 59 (1): 41–78. 2007. doi:10.1353/aq.2007.0026. 
• "Two Faces of Apocalypse: A Letter from Copenhagen". Polygraph. Duke University Program in Literature. 22: 265–274. 2010. 
• "The Common in Communism". Rethinking Marxism. Routledge. 22 (3): 346–356. July 2010. doi:10.1080/08935696.2010.490365. 
• "The Militancy of Theory". South Atlantic Quarterly. Duke University Press. 110 (1): 19–35. Winter 2011. doi:10.1215/00382876-2010-020. 
• "Falsify the Currency!". South Atlantic Quarterly. Duke University Press. 111 (2): 359–379. April 2012. doi:10.1215/00382876-1548257. 
• "How to Write with Four Hands". Genre. Duke University Press. 46 (2): 175–182. 2013. doi:10.1215/00166928-2088007. 
• "The Power to Be Affected". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. Springer. 28 (3): 215–222. September 2015. doi:10.1215/00166928-2088007. 

• Marx Reloaded, Arte, April 2011.
• Examined Life, Sphinx Productions, 87 min., 2008.

• Hardt, Michael, Caleb Smith, and Enrico Minardi. "The Collaborator and the Multitude: An Interview with Michael Hardt." The Minnesota Review 61-62 (Spring/Summer 2004). 63-77.
• Hardt, Michael. "How to Write With Four Hands." Genre 46.2 (2013). 175–182.
• Vulliamy, Ed. "Empire hits back". The Guardian, Sunday 15 July 2001.
• Žižek, Slavoj (September 2001). "Have Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri rewritten the Communist Manifesto for the twenty-first century?". Rethinking Marxism. Taylor and Francis. 13 (3–4): 190–198. doi:10.1080/089356901101241875.  Full text.