Marie-Josephte Corriveau

Marie-Josephte Corriveau (1733 at Saint-Vallier, Quebec – (1763-04-18)April 18, 1763 at Quebec City), better known as "la Corriveau", is a well-known figure in Québécois folklore. She lived in New France, and was sentenced to death by a British court martial for the murder of her second husband, was hanged for it and her body hanged in chains. Her story has become a legend in Quebec, and she is the subject of many books and plays.

Marie-Josephte Corriveau was born in 1733, most probably in January or February, and baptised on May 14, 1733, in the rural parish of Saint-Vallier in New France. She was the only surviving offspring of Joseph Corriveau, a farmer, and Françoise Bolduc. Her ten brothers and sisters all died in childhood.

Corriveau married at the age of 16, on November 17, 1749, to Charles Bouchard, aged 23, also a farmer. Three children were born in this marriage: two daughters, Marie-Françoise (1752) and Marie-Angélique (1754), followed by a son, Charles (1757). Rumors (that only started after the death of her second husband) say that she murdered him, as there is no concrete record of his death. Charles Bouchard was buried on April 27, 1760, and she remarried fifteen months later, on July 20, 1761, to another farmer from Saint-Vallier, Louis Étienne Dodier. On the morning of January 27, 1763, he was found dead in his barn, with multiple head wounds. Despite an official recording of the cause of death being from kicks of horses' hooves, and a speedy burial, rumours and gossip of murder spread rapidly through the neighbourhood. Dodier was on bad terms with his father-in-law and with his wife.

At the time, New France had been conquered by the British in 1760 as part of the Seven Years' War and was under the administration of the British Army. On hearing the rumours, the local British military authorities (charged with keeping order) set up an inquiry into Dodier's death. The inquiry opened in Quebec City on March 29, 1763, at the Ursulines of Quebec, charging Joseph Corriveau and his daughter Marie-Josephte, before a military tribunal made up of 12 English officers and presided over by Lieutenant Colonel Roger Morris. The case ended, on 9 April, with Joseph Corriveau being sentenced to death, for culpable homicide of his son-in-law. Marie-Josephte was found to be an accomplice to murder, and sentenced to 60 lashes and branded with the letter M on her hand. One of Joseph Corriveau's nieces, Isabelle Sylvain (who he employed as a servant), had testified but changed her story several times during the hearing; she was found guilty of perjury and given 30 lashes and branded with the letter P.

Condemned to hang, Joseph Corriveau then told his confessor, that he was no more than an accomplice to his daughter, after she had killed Dodier. At a second trial, on 15 April, Marie-Josephte testified to having killed her husband with two blows of a hatchet during his sleep, because of his ill-treatment of her. The tribunal found her guilty and sentenced her to hang, her body after to be "hanged in chains" (that is, put up for public display on a gibbet).

The place of execution was Quebec, on the Buttes-à-Nepveu, near the Plains of Abraham, probably on 18 April. Her body was then taken, as directed by the sentence, to be put in chains at Pointe-Lévy, at the crossroads of Lauzon and Bienville (today Saint-Joseph Street and De l'Entente Boulevard). The body, in its iron gibbet, was exposed to the public view until May 25 at the earliest. Following the requests of those living nearby, an order from the military commander of the district of Quebec, James Murray, addressed to the captain of the militia of Pointe-Lévy, permitted its being taken down and buried.

In 1851, the "cage" was dug up from the cemetery of the church of Saint-Joseph-de-la-Pointe-Lévy when a pit was dug. Soon after, the cage was stolen from the church cellar, and acquired by the American impresario P. T. Barnum and put on display as a "macabre object". After that, it was put on display at The Boston Museum. The museum slip indicated its provenance with two words: "From Quebec".

Through the efforts of the Société d'histoire de Lévis, the cage was acquired from the Boston Museum and is now part of a permanent display at Musée de la civilisation in Quebec City.

The post-mortem exhibition of Corriveau's remains at a busy crossroads (a practice also in use under the French regime, and reserved in England for those found guilty of the most serious crimes); the repercussions in the trial; the rumour that her father would be convicted of murdering Dodier at his daughter's instigation; and the gossip which grew up around the circumstances of the death of her first husband all stirred up the popular imagination and became legends still told today in the oral tradition — increasing the number of murdered husbands to as many as seven and likening la Corriveau to a witch.

The 1851 discovery of the iron cage buried in the cemetery of Saint-Joseph Parish (now the Lauzon district) served to reawaken the legends and the fantastic stories, which were amplified and used by 19th-century writers. The first, in 1863, Philippe Aubert de Gaspé in Les Anciens Canadiens, has a supernatural Corriveau hanging in the Pointe-Levy cage, terrorising one night a passer-by conducting a witches' Sabbath and Will-o'-the-wisp at the Île d'Orléans. James MacPherson Le Moine (Maple Leaves, 1863) and William Kirby, following in his footsteps (The Golden Dog, 1877), made her a professional poisoner, a direct descendant of La Voisin, famous for her purported role in The Affair of the Poisons. Writers and historians such as Louis Fréchette and Pierre-Georges Roy have tried to give Corriveau's history, but without completely separating the facts from the anachronistic fantasies added in legend and novels.

The figure of Corriveau still inspires novels, songs and plays and is the subject of arguments concerning guilt. Oral tradition also perpetuated and has not stopped, and remains alive, as is evidenced by the numerous stories collected in the lands of many regions of Quebec.

• 1863: Les Anciens Canadiens (The Canadians of Old), novel by Philippe Aubert de Gaspé
• 1863: Marie-Josephte Corriveau, A Canadian Lafarge, in Maple Leaves by James MacPherson Le Moine
• 1877: The Golden Dog, A Legend of Québec, novel by William Kirby, translated into French by Léon-Pamphile Le May [fr], Le Chien d'Or, légende canadienne (1884)
• 1885: La Cage de la Corriveau, novel by Louis Fréchette, first published in a special edition of the newspaper La Patrie, 24 February 1885; reprinted and rewritten many times, notably under the title Une Relique in the Almanach du peuple de la librairie Beauchemin, Montreal, 1913.
• 1966: La Corriveau, dramatic ballet choreographed by Brydon Paige, with original theme and songs by Gilles Vigneault and music by Alexander Brott. Commissioned by the Commission du Centenaire de la Confédération, the ballet was premièred by Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, with the collaboration of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra at the Salle Wilfrid-Pelletier of the Place des Arts at Montréal, 21 and 22 December 1966.
• 1972: La Corriveau, song written by Gilles Vigneault in 1966 for the ballet of the same name, is recorded by Pauline Julien on her album Au milieu de ma vie, peut-être la veille de...
• 1973: Ma Corriveau, play by Victor-Lévy Beaulieu written for the public examinations of the students of the National Theatre School of Canada, premièred at the Monument-National, its Montreal base, from 3 to 6 October 1973 with a production by Michelle Rossignol, first premièred professionally at the Théâtre d'Aujourd'hui in Montreal from 19 September to 30 October 1976 in a production by André Pagé.
• 1978: Le Coffret de la Corriveau, fantasy story by André Carpentier [fr], translated into English in 1982.
• 1981: La Corriveau, historical novel by Andrée LeBel
• 1990: La Cage, play by Anne Hébert, translated into English in 2009.
• 1993 : La Corriveau, short story by the English Canadian Douglas Glover, translated into French the same year, and into Serbian in 1995.
• 1993: La Corriveau, play by Guy Cloutier, produced by Denise Verville and staged at the Théâtre Périscope [fr], Quebec, from 12 to 30 January 1993. It was reprised, adapted for television with the title La Corrivaux by the director Jean Salvy, with Anne Dorval in the title role, and broadcast on the Télévision Radio-Canada network in 1995.
• 1999: La Maudite, teen novel by Daniel Mativat
• 2001: La Corrida de la Corriveau, song by Mes Aïeux (on the album Entre les branches [fr])
• 2003: La Fiancée du vent : l'histoire de la Corriveau, née en Nouvelle-France et pendue sous le Régime anglais, novel by Monique Pariseau
• 2003: Julie et le serment de la Corriveau, teen novel by Martine Latulippe [fr]
• 2004: Battle of the Brave (Nouvelle-France), film produced by Jean Beaudin (loose adaptation on the theme of la Corriveau)
• 2006: La Corriveau, animated film by Kyle Craig
• 2015: Corriveau is featured on a postage stamp from Canada Post

• Aubert de Gaspé, Philippe (1863). Les Anciens Canadiens (in French). Québec: Desbarats et Derbishire. pp. totales =411. ISBN 0-665-28743-7. OCLC 77173288.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Beaulieu, Victor-Lévy (1976), Ma Corriveau, suivi de La sorcellerie en finale sexuée (in French), Montreal: VLB, p. 117CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Bonneau, Louis-Philippe (1988). Josephte Corriveau-Dodier, la Corriveau, 1733-1763 : une énigme non résolue. 15 (in French). Saint-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud (Quebec): Société de conservation du patrimoine de Saint-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud. pp. totales =231. OCLC 22506977.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Dickinson, John (2001-2013 (Paper publication: 1985)). "La Corriveau". The Canadian Encyclopedia [en ligne]. Fondation Historica. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link). Brief article published in the online version of The Canadian Encyclopedia
• Fréchette, Louis-Honoré (24 February 1885). "La cage de la Corriveau" (PDF). La Patrie (in French). Longueuil: Société historique du Marigot (Special edition): 10–20. ISBN 2-920313-01-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011.
• Fréchette, Louis-Honoré (1913). "Une relique - La Corriveau". Almanach du Peuple Beauchemin (in French). Montréal: Beauchemin: 302–307. Archived from the original on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2010-07-22.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Guilbault, Nicole (1995). Il était cent fois La Corriveau - Terre américaine (in French). Quebec: Nuit blanche. pp. totales =192. ISBN 9782921053426. OCLC 35874386.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Anthology containing fifteen oral versions of the legend of la Corriveau, different literary texts inspired by the theme, and four studies.
• Douglas Hay (1996).Frank Murray Greenwood; Barry Wright (eds.). Civilians Tried in Military Courts: Quebec, 1759-64. Toronto: University of Toronto Press / The Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History. pp. 114–128, 621–623. ISBN 9780802078933. OCLC 225313361. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2010-07-22.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kirby, William (1877). The Chien d'Or / The Golden Dog - A Legend of Quebec. New York and Montreal: Lovell, Adam, Wesson & Company. ISBN 0-665-07186-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kirby, William; Le May, Pamphile (tr.) (1884). Le Chien d'or - Légende canadienne. Feuilleton de L'Étendard (in French). Montreal. ISBN 0-665-07987-7.
• Lacourcière, Luc (1968). "Le triple destin de Marie-Josephte Corriveau". Les Cahiers des Dix (in French). Société des Dix (33): 213–242. ISSN 0575-089X. Archived from the original on 2008-09-21.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Reprinted in Guilbault 1995, pp. 147–172
• Lacourcière, Luc (1969). "Le destin posthume de la Corriveau". Les Cahiers des Dix (in French). Société des Dix (34): 239–271. ISSN 0575-089X. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Lacourcière, Luc (1973). "Présence de la Corriveau". Les Cahiers des Dix (in French). Société des Dix (38): 229–264. doi:10.7202/1025313ar. ISSN 0575-089X. Archived from the original on 2008-09-21.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Lacourcière, Luc (1974). "Corriveau, Marie-Josephte, La Corriveau".In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Encyclopaedia article
• MacPherson Le Moine, James (1863). "Marie-Josephte Corriveau, A Canadian Lafarge". Maple Leaves : A Budget of Legendary, Historical, Critical, and Sporting Intelligence. 1–7. Québec: Printed, for the author, by Hunter, Rose & Co: 68–74.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Greenwood, Frank Murray; Boissery, Beverley (2000). Uncertain Justice, Canadian Women and Capital Punishment 1754 - 1953. Toronto: Dundurn Press / The Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History. pp. totales= 258. ISBN 9781550023442. OCLC 44751697.
• Saint-Martin, Lori (1997). "Figures de la sorcière dans l'écriture des femmes au Québec". Contre-voix : Essais de critique au féminin. Essais critiques (in French). Quebec: Nuit Blanche. pp. 165–189. ISBN 9782921053778. OCLC 38430897.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)