Leonard Calvert

Leonard Calvert (1606 – June 9, 1647) was the First Proprietary Governor of Maryland. He was the second son of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, (1579-1632), the first proprietary of the Province of Maryland. His elder brother Cecil, (1605-1675), who inherited the colony and the title upon the death of their father George, April 15, 1632, appointed Leonard as governor of the Colony in his absence. Leonard was named after his grandfather, the father of George who was also "Leonard Calvert" of Yorkshire.

When Leonard's father George received a patent for the Province of Avalon in the island of Newfoundland (off the eastern coast of modern Canada), from James I of England in 1625, he relocated part of his newly converted Catholic family to Newfoundland.

In 1628 Leonard accompanied his father, to the new colony of Newfoundland. The colony ultimately failed due to disease, extreme cold and attacks by the French and the family returned to England. After a few years, George Calvert declared Avalon a failure and traveled to the Colony of Virginia, where he found the climate much more suitable and temperate, but met with an unwelcome reception from the Virginians' government and elite.

In 1632, he returned to England where he negotiated an additional patent for the colony of Maryland from King Charles I of England. However, before the papers could be executed, George died on the 15th of April, 1632.

On June 20, 1632, Cecil, the second Lord Baltimore executed the charter for the colony of Maryland that his father had negotiated. The charter consisted of 23 sections, but the most important conferred on Lord Baltimore and his heirs, besides the right of absolute ownership in the soil, certain powers, ecclesiastical as well as civil, resembling those possessed by the nobility of the Middle Ages. Leonard Calvert was appointed the colony's first Governor.

The "Ark" and The "Dove"

Two vessels, "The Ark" and "The Dove", carrying over 300 settlers, sailed from the harbour of Cowes, England, on 22 November 1633, arriving at just inside the huge harbor and bay (later to be named "Hampton Roads") at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, between Cape Charles and Cape Henry and passed off "Point Comfort" at the mouths of the intersecting James, Nansemond, and Elizabeth Rivers, in the colony of Virginia on 24 February 1634, (also later the site of the cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Virginia Beach on the south side and Newport News and Hampton on the northern peninsula). After exploring the area, a few weeks later they sailed up the Potomac River, north of the Virginia shoreline and the southern border of their new colony and landed on the northern shore at Blakistone Island (later renamed St. Clement's Island) on March 25, 1634, erected a large cross, gave thanks and celebrated a Roman Catholic/Christian Mass with Father Andrew White who had accompanied them (later to be celebrated as "Maryland Day", an official state and local holiday). Two days later, on the 27th March, they returned further south down-river near the point where the Potomac meets the Bay at what is now St. Mary's City, then the site of a Native American village of the Yaocomico branch of the Piscataway tribe, whom the paramount chief had moved away to accommodate the new English settlers, so as to take advantage of the trading opportunities of their more powerful technology: industries, weapons and implements, and they began the work of establishing a settlement there.

Following his brother's instructions, Leonard at first attempted to govern the country in an absolutist way, but in January 1635, he had to summon a colonial assembly, which became the foundation and first session of the modern General Assembly of Maryland, the third legislature to be established in the English colonies, after the House of Burgesses in the Dominion of Virginia, and the General Court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In 1638, the Assembly forced him to govern according to the Common Laws of England, and subsequently the right to initiate legislation passed to the new General Assembly representing the common "freeholders" (or citizens).

In 1638, Calvert seized a trading post at Kent Island established by the Virginian William Claiborne. In 1643 Governor Calvert went to England to discuss policies with his brother Cecil, the proprietor, leaving the affairs of the colony in charge of acting Governor Giles Brent, his brother-in-law (he had married Ann Brent, daughter of Richard Brent). Calvert returned to Maryland in 1644 with his new wife and children (William, born in 1643, and a daughter, born in 1644). That same year, Claiborne returned and led an uprising of Maryland Protestants against the Catholic Proprietor. Calvert was soon forced to flee southward to Virginia. He returned at the head of an armed force in 1646 and reasserted proprietarial rule.

Leonard Calvert died of an illness in the summer of 1647. Before he died, he wrote a will naming Margaret Brent, (the sister of Giles, and a future-historically famous planter, lawyer, and female advocate for women's rights) as the executor of his estate. Calvert also named his friend and fellow passenger aboard the Ark and the Dove, Thomas Greene, as his successor to the governorship.

In 1890, the State of Maryland erected an obelisk monument to him and his wife at Historic St. Mary's City which had a historical district created to commemorate the colonial origins of the colony.

The location of Leonard Calvert's grave has been lost to history, but there is an effort underway to find it. Archeologists based in the Historic St. Mary's City research complex believe that Leonard Calvert is buried somewhere in St. Inigoes, Maryland. The most likely spot has been narrowed down to somewhere on Webster Field, now a small U.S. Naval Aircraft facility located on the water on the Western side of St. Inigoes. Several archeological digs have been conducted but the grave has yet to be discovered.

Members of the Calvert family in the settlement were known to be buried in lead coffins. It is not known if this is how Leonard Calvert was buried. His death, due to disease, happened suddenly and unexpectedly after a period of religious warfare had wracked the colony. Soon after his death, one of the first laws requiring religious tolerance was written and enacted in the colony, further codifying its original proprietarial mandate of religious tolerance and reestablishing peace.