John Galsworthy

John Galsworthy OM (/ˈɡɔːlzwɜːrði/; 14 August 1867 – 31 January 1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include The Forsyte Saga (1906–1921) and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932.

Galsworthy was born at what is now known as Galsworthy House (then called Parkhurst) on Kingston Hill in Surrey, England, the son of John and Blanche Bailey (née Bartleet) Galsworthy. His family was prosperous and well established, with a large property in Kingston upon Thames that is now the site of three schools: Marymount International School, Rokeby Preparatory School, and Holy Cross Preparatory School. He attended Harrow and New College, Oxford, after which he trained as a barrister and was called to the bar in 1890. However, he was not keen to begin practising law and instead travelled abroad to look after the family's shipping business. During these travels he met Joseph Conrad, then the first mate of a sailing-ship moored in the harbour of Adelaide, Australia, and the two future novelists became close friends. In 1895 Galsworthy began an affair with Ada Nemesis Pearson Cooper (1864–1956), the wife of his cousin Major Arthur Galsworthy. After her divorce ten years later, they were married on 23 September 1905 and stayed together until his death in 1933. Before their marriage, they often stayed clandestinely in a farmhouse called Wingstone in the village of Manaton on Dartmoor, Devon. In 1908 Galsworthy took a long lease on part of the building and it was their regular second home until 1923.

From the Four Winds, a collection of short stories, was Galsworthy's first published work in 1897. These and several subsequent works were published under the pen name of John Sinjohn, and it was not until The Island Pharisees (1904) that he began publishing under his own name, probably owing to the recent death of his father. His first full-length novel, Jocelyn, was published in an edition of 750 under the name of John Sinjohn – he later refused to have it republished. His first play, The Silver Box (1906), – in which the theft of a prostitute's purse by a rich 'young man of good family' is placed beside the theft of a silver cigarette case from the rich man's father's house by 'a poor devil', with very different repercussions – became a success, and he followed it up with The Man of Property (1906), the first book of a Forsyte trilogy. Although he continued writing both plays and novels, it was as a playwright that he was mainly appreciated at the time. Along with those of other writers of the period, such as George Bernard Shaw, his plays addressed the class system and other social issues, two of the best known being Strife (1909) and The Skin Game (1920).

John Galsworthy

He is now far better known for his novels, particularly The Forsyte Saga, his trilogy about the eponymous family and connected lives. These books, as with many of his other works, deal with social class, and upper-middle class lives in particular. Although sympathetic to his characters, he highlights their insular, snobbish, and acquisitive attitudes and their suffocating moral codes. He is viewed as one of the first writers of the Edwardian era who challenged some of the ideals of society depicted in the preceding literature of Victorian England. The depiction of a woman in an unhappy marriage furnishes another recurring theme in his work. The character of Irene in The Forsyte Saga is drawn from Ada Pearson, though her previous marriage was not as miserable as that of the character.

Through his writings Galsworthy campaigned for a variety of causes, including prison reform, women's rights, and animal welfare, and also against censorship. During the First World War he worked in a hospital in France as an orderly, after being passed over for military service, and in 1917 turned down a knighthood, for which he was nominated by Prime Minister David Lloyd George, on the precept that a writer's reward comes simply from writing itself. In 1921 he was elected as the first president of the PEN International literary club and was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1929 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1932 after he had been nominated that year by Henrik Schück, a member of the Swedish Academy. He was too ill to attend the Nobel awards ceremony and died six weeks later.

Galsworthy lived for the final seven years of his life at Bury in West Sussex. He died from a brain tumour at his London home, Grove Lodge, Hampstead. In accordance with his will he was cremated at Woking, with his ashes then being scattered over the South Downs from an aeroplane, but there are also memorials to him in Highgate 'New' Cemetery and in the cloisters of New College, Oxford, cut by Eric Gill. The popularity of his fiction waned quickly after his death but the hugely successful television adaptation of The Forsyte Saga in 1967 renewed interest in his work.

A number of John Galsworthy's letters and papers are held at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.

In 2007, Kingston University opened a new building named in recognition of his local birth. Galsworthy Road in Kingston, the location of Kingston Hospital, is also named for him.

Bury House, Galsworthy's West Sussex home.

The Forsyte Saga has been filmed several times:

• That Forsyte Woman (1949), dir. by Compton Bennett, an MGM adaptation in which Errol Flynn played a rare villainous role as Soames.
• BBC television drama (1967), directed by James Cellan Jones, David Giles, starring Eric Porter, Nyree Dawn Porter, Kenneth More, and Susan Hampshire, 26 parts.
• Granada television drama (2002), dir. by Christopher Menaul, starring Gina McKee, Damian Lewis, Rupert Graves, and Corin Redgrave, 13 parts.

The Skin Game was adapted and directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1931. It starred C.V. France, Helen Haye, Jill Esmond, Edmund Gwenn, and John Longden.

Escape was filmed in 1930 and 1948. The latter was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, starring Rex Harrison, Peggy Cummins, and William Hartnell. The screenplay was by Philip Dunne.

One More River (a film version of Galsworthy's Over the River) was filmed by James Whale in 1934. The film starred Frank Lawton, Colin Clive (one of Whale's most frequently used actors) and Diana Wynyard, and featured Mrs. Patrick Campbell in a rare sound film appearance.

The First and the Last, a short play, was adapted as 21 Days, starring Vivien Leigh and Laurence Olivier.

Galsworthy's short story The Apple Tree was adapted into a radio play for Orson Welles' Lady Esther Almanac radio series on CBS, first broadcast on 12 January 1942; the play was again produced by Welles for CBS on The Mercury Summer Theatre of 6 September 1946. The 1988 film A Summer Story was also based on The Apple Tree.

The NBC University Theater aired radio adaptations of his plays Justice on 31 October 1948 and The Patrician on 26 February 1950.

1. The Salvation of a Forsyte (The Salvation of Swithin Forsyte) (1900)
2. On Forsyte 'Change (1930)
3. The Man of Property, (1906) – first book of The Forsyte Saga (1922)
4. Indian Summer of a Forsyte, (1918) – first interlude of The Forsyte Saga
5. In Chancery, (1920) – second book of The Forsyte Saga
6. Awakening, (1920) – second interlude of The Forsyte Saga
7. To Let, (1921) – third book of The Forsyte Saga
8. The White Monkey, (1924) – first book of A Modern Comedy (1929)
9. The Silver Spoon, (1926) – second book of A Modern Comedy
10. A Silent Wooing, (1927) – first Interlude of A Modern Comedy
11. Passers-By, (1927) – second Interlude of A Modern Comedy
12. Swan Song, (1928) – third book of A Modern Comedy
13. Maid in Waiting, (1931) – first book of End of the Chapter (1934)
14. Flowering Wilderness, (1932) – second book of End of the Chapter
15. One More River (originally Over the River), (1933) – third book of End of the Chapter

• From the Four Winds, 1897 (as John Sinjohn)
• Jocelyn, 1898 (as John Sinjohn)
• Villa Rubein, 1900 (as John Sinjohn)
• A Man of Devon, 1901 (as John Sinjohn)
• The Island Pharisees, 1904
• The Silver Box, 1906 (his first play)
• The Country House, 1907
• A Commentary, 1908
• Fraternity, 1909
• A Justification for the Censorship of Plays, 1909
• Strife, 1909
• Fraternity, 1909
• Joy, 1909
• Justice, 1910
• A Motley, 1910
• The Spirit of Punishment, 1910
• Horses in Mines, 1910
• The Patrician, 1911
• The Little Dream, 1911
• The Pigeon, 1912
• The Eldest Son, 1912
• Quality, 1912
• Moods, Songs, and Doggerels, 1912
• For Love of Beasts, 1912
• The Inn of Tranquillity, 1912
• Addresses in America, 1912
• The Dark Flower, 1913
• The Fugitive, 1913
• The Mob, 1914
• The Freelands, 1915
• The Little Man, 1915
• A Bit o' Love, 1915
• A Sheaf, 1916
• The Apple Tree, 1916
• The Foundations, 1917
• Beyond, 1917
• Five Tales, 1918
• Saint's Progress, 1919
• The Skin Game, 1920
• A Family Man, 1922
• The Little Man, 1922
• Loyalties, 1922
• Windows, 1922
• Captures, 1923
• Abracadabra, 1924
• The Forest, 1924
• Old English, 1924
• The Show, 1925
• Escape, 1926
• Verses New and Old, 1926
• Castles in Spain, 1927
• The Manaton Edition, 1923–26 (collection, 30 vols.)
• Exiled, 1929
• The Roof, 1929
• Two Essays on Conrad, 1930
• Soames and the Flag, 1930
• The Creation of Character in Literature, 1931 (The Romanes Lecture for 1931).
• Forty Poems, 1932
• Autobiographical Letters of Galsworthy: A Correspondence with Frank Harris, 1933
• The Grove Edition, 1927–34 (collection, 27 Vols.)
• Collected Poems, 1934
• Punch and Go, 1935
• The Life and Letters, 1935
• The Winter Garden, 1935
• Forsytes, Pendyces and Others, 1935
• Selected Short Stories, 1935
• Glimpses and Reflections, 1937
• Galsworthy's Letters to Leon Lion, 1968
• Letters from John Galsworthy 1900–1932, 1970
• Caravan the assembled tales of John Galsworthy, New York Charles Scribner's Sons 1925