Jennifer Freyd

Jennifer Joy Freyd (/fraɪd/; born October 16, 1957, in Providence, Rhode Island) is an American researcher, author, educator, and speaker. Freyd is an extensively published scholar who is best known for her theories of betrayal trauma, DARVO, institutional betrayal, and institutional courage.

Freyd is Director, Project on Institutional Courage, Founder, The Center for Institutional Courage, Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon and principal investigator of the Freyd Dynamics Lab. Freyd is also a Member of the Advisory Committee, 2019–2023, for the Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education, National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. She is also the leader of the Program on Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Sexual Violence at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University.

Freyd received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Anthropology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1979. In 1983 she earned her Ph.D. in Psychology at Stanford University.

Freyd was an assistant professor at Cornell University from 1983 to 1987, until she was hired with tenure as an Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon in 1987. In 1992, Freyd was promoted to full professor at the University of Oregon.

In 2017, Freyd filed suit against the University of Oregon for violating the Equal Pay Act, the Equal Protection Clause, and Title IX during her decades of employment. Freyd's complaint raises important issues regarding the enforcement of federal equality laws in academia, and the pay gap for women in particular. Dozens of women's and civil rights groups have collaborated on amicus briefs, including Equal Rights Advocates, the ACLU Women's Rights Project, the National Women's Law Center, the American Association of University Professors. The case is currently before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.

In the last two decades, Freyd has researched and written extensively on sexual abuse and memory. Freyd's initial empirical discovery of representational momentum led to her further explore the relationship between trauma memories and the element of betrayal. Freyd introduced the following original concepts to the trauma literature: Betrayal Trauma, DARVO, Institutional Betrayal, and Institutional Courage.

Betrayal trauma is defined as a trauma perpetrated by someone whom the victim is close to and reliant upon for support and survival. In betrayal trauma theory (BTT), a betrayal trauma occurs when people or institutions on which a person relies for protection, resources, and survival violate the trust or well-being of that person. BTT emphasizes the importance of betrayal as a core antecedent of dissociation implicitly aimed to preserve the relationship with the caregiver. BTT suggests that a child who is dependent on their caregiver for support will have a higher need to dissociate traumatic experiences from conscious awareness.

DARVO is an acronym used to describe a common strategy of abusers. The abuser may: Deny the abuse ever took place, Attack the victim for attempting to hold the abuser accountable; and claim that they, the abuser, are the real victim in the situation, thus Reversing the Victim and Offender.

Institutional betrayal refers to "wrongdoings perpetrated by an institution upon individuals dependent on that institution, including failure to prevent or respond supportively to wrongdoings by individuals (e.g. sexual assault) committed within the context of the institution". It is an extension of betrayal trauma theory. In a 2013 study, Carly P. Smith and Jennifer Freyd documented the psychological harm caused by institutional betrayal. Freyd and Smith developed the Institutional Betrayal Questionnaire (IBQ), now in its second edition, to measure institutional betrayal across a variety of institutional contexts.

Freyd introduced the term institutional courage in 2014, portraying it as the antidote to institutional betrayal. Institutional courage refers to "rightdoings" by which institutions demonstrate accountability, transparency, and support of individuals who are harmed within the context of the institution. The Freyd Dynamics Lab has identified research-based steps by which institutions can embody institutional courage, including engaging in ongoing education, conducting anonymous surveys, being accountable and open to apology, responding well to disclosures and reports, engaging in self-study, keeping data and policies transparent, and rewarding truth-telling.

In a September 2019 article in the Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, Freyd and Smidt emphasize the value of education for organizations that are taking steps toward institutional courage. The authors make a distinction between training (which connotes "compliance and a rules-based process") and education, which "is associated with complex understanding, critical thinking, and the acquisition of knowledge based on empirical research and theory development". As it concerns sexual violence (a primary focus of Freyd's research), education is needed to help society understand "major aspects of the frequency, consequences, and dynamics of sexual harassment and assault".

In early 2019, Freyd announced a new research initiative to promote the study of institutional courage. The project supports interdisciplinary research on the interconnected problems of sexual violence, DARVO, and institutional betrayal, as well as ways in which institutional courage can flourish. Freyd describes her current research agenda on institutional betrayal and courage and intention to create a nonprofit organization, The Center for Institutional Courage, on a December 2019 episode of the Human Centered podcast. Freyd describes a vision for the Center for Institutional Courage as “roughly equal parts a research center that can nurture new knowledge generation, and an outreach part that applies that knowledge to the world”.

Because of her research on sexual assault and institutional betrayal, Freyd was invited to the White House in 2014 to meet with White House advisors on violence against women, as well as New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, to discuss how her research relates to campus sexual violence. In June 2017, Freyd was invited again to speak at a meeting of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, where she presented on institutional betrayal and sexual harassment in academia. Additionally, in an open essay, entitled "Gender Discrimination, Dr. Jennifer Freyd's Lawsuit, & Recommendations for Universities," she underscored the far-reaching consequences of gender discrimination against women in higher education.

Freyd's research on sexual violence and institutional betrayal has become increasingly prominent with the rise of the Me Too movement and growing societal awareness of the prevalence of sexual harassment and assault. For example, in an interview with Diane Sawyer in 2017, actress and political activist Ashley Judd referenced DARVO when discussing the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations.

More recently, Freyd has focused on ensuring that survivors do not lose their voice in the process of reporting sexual violence. Freyd asserted that since institutions can perpetrate abuse by (1) ignoring survivors' wishes about how their private information is shared when they decide to disclose, and (2) by emphasizing that survivors' information will be passed along without their consent, she proposed that faculty educate colleagues and students about Title IX, sexual violence, and institutional betrayal, as well as provide resources for disrupting a culture of sexual violence and learning how to be a good listener. Freyd has proposed 10 steps by which institutions (including universities) can make progress toward institutional courage, such as encouraging whistleblowing and carrying out assessments of institutional betrayal through anonymous surveys. The Chronicle of Higher Education has covered the ongoing debate at the University of Oregon and the Association of American Universities (AAU). Dozens of scientists have criticized the AAU's proposed campus climate survey, with Freyd as a key player in the scientific debate.

Freyd is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Since 2005, she has been the editor of the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. She also currently serves on the Higher Education Advisory Board, Sexual Health Innovations.

• Pierre Janet Award, International Society for the Study of Trauma & Dissociation, 1997
• William Friedrich Memorial Child Sexual Abuse Research Award from the Institute on Violence, Abuse, and Trauma, 2015
• Lifetime Achievement Award, International Society for the Study of Trauma & Dissociation, 2016
• The Wayne T. Westling Award for University Leadership and Service, University of Oregon, 2017
• Award for Media Contributions to the Field of Trauma Psychology, Division 56, American Psychological Association, 2018

Freyd was married to John Quincy "JQ" Johnson III, from 1984 until his death in 2012. Together they have three children.

Around 1990, Freyd severed ties with her parents, stating that a recent therapy had uncovered memories of her father, mathematics professor Peter J. Freyd, abusing her during her childhood. Her parents, Pamela and Peter Freyd, disputed Freyd's claims of sexual assault, and co-founded the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, which has been described as a US "advocacy group [...] for people claiming to have been wrongly accused of physical and sexual abuse.". Three years after its founding, it had more than 7,500 members.

The False Memory Syndrome Foundation was dissolved on December 31, 2019.

Books

• Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. ISBN 978-0-674-06805-6..
• Freyd, J. J.; Anne P. DePrince (2001). Trauma and cognitive science: a meeting of minds, science, and human experience. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7890-1374-3.
• Freyd, J. J.; Pamela J. Birrell (2013). Blind to Betrayal: Why we fool ourselves we aren't being fooled. Somerset, New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 9780470604403.

Chapters in books

• Freyd, J. J.; Quina, K. (2000), "Feminist ethics in the practice of science: The contested memory controversy as an example",in Brabeck, M. (ed.), Practicing Feminist Ethics in Psychology (PDF), Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association, pp. 101–124, ISBN 978-1-55798-623-8
• Freyd, J. J. (2002), "Memory and dimensions of trauma: Terror may be 'all-too-well remembered' and betrayal buried",in Conte, J.R. (ed.), Critical Issues in Child Sexual Abuse: Historical, Legal, and Psychological Perspectives (PDF), Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, pp. 139–173, ISBN 978-0761909125

Journal articles

• Freyd, J. J. (1994). "Betrayal trauma: Traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse". Ethics & Behavior. 4 (4): 307–329. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1. Pdf.
• Freyd, J. J. (1997). "Violations of power, adaptive blindness, and betrayal trauma theory". Feminism and Psychology. 7: 22–32. doi:10.1177/0959353597071004. Pdf.
• Freyd, J. J. (1998). "Science in the memory debate". Ethics & Behavior. 8 (2): 101–113. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0802_1. Pdf.
• Freyd, J. J.; DePrince, A. P.; Zurbriggen, E. L. (2001). "Self-reported memory for abuse depends upon victim-perpetrator relationship". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2 (3): 5–17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.661.4356. doi:10.1300/j229v02n03_02. Pdf.
• Freyd, J.J.; Putnam, F.W.; Lyon, T.D.; Becker-Blease, K.A.; Cheit, R.E.; Siegel, N.B.; Pezdek, K. (2005). "The science of child sexual abuse". Science. 308 (5721): 501. doi:10.1126/science.1108066. PMID 15845837. Pdf.
• Freyd, J. J. (2012). "A plea to university researchers". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 13 (5): 497–508. doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.708613. PMID 22989239. Pdf.
• Freyd, J. J. (2013). "Preventing betrayal". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 14 (5): 495–500. doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.824945. PMID 24060032. Pdf.
• Freyd, J. J. (2015). "Proposal for a National Institute on Sexual Violence". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 16 (5): 497–499. doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1069170. PMID 26458061. Pdf.
• Freyd, J. J. (2017). "Attributes, behaviors, or experiences? Lessons from research on trauma regarding gender differences". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 18 (5): 645–648. doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1358687. PMID 28816648. Pdf.