James Phinney Baxter

James Phinney Baxter (March 23, 1831 in Gorham, Maine – May 8, 1921 in Portland, Maine) was an American businessman, historian, civic leader, and benefactor of Portland, Maine.
His personal library, containing over 100 leather-bound books of maps, portraits, engravings and personal letters, is available for reference at the Portland Public Library.

James Phinney Baxter was the son of Dr. Elihu Baxter and Sarah Cone Baxter. He was born in Gorham, Maine (in what is now called the Baxter House), on March 23, 1831, but lived in Portland from 1840. He attended Master Jackson's School until 1844, and then Lynn Academy until 1848. He began work in the Boston law offices of Rufus Choate, but ill health forced a return to Portland, where he worked in a dry goods importing business with William G Davis, pioneering a canning and packing business (Portland Packing Company) that became important to the state's economy.

He used the wealth engendered by his successful business for many philanthropic purposes. He was particularly passionate about supporting educational endeavors, and donated a public library (the Baxter Memorial Library) to his birthplace, Gorham, and a library to his adopted city, Portland.

He was mayor of Portland for six years, and the moving spirit behind Baxter Boulevard, a tree-lined road that circles the edge of Back Cove, which is often used for exercise and recreation. He was also recognized as an authority on New England history, and among his other interests, he was president of the Maine Historical Society for thirty years and an overseer of Bowdoin College, and connected with many other organizations that furthered the interests of New England history. One of his greatest literary and historical achievements was the editing of twenty of the twenty four volumes of The Documentary History of Maine.

Baxter also devoted several years to unearthing the details of Capt. Christopher Levett's settlement at Portland in 1623–1624. An English sea captain and explorer, Levett's history and the details of the colony he attempted to found had been largely forgotten when Baxter's scholarship illuminated them. Baxter later published a book about Levett, which incorporated the text of Levett's own earlier work, published in 1628 in London.

Title page, Christopher Levett, of York: The Pioneer Colonist in Casco Bay, published by The Gorges Society, 1893

He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1915.

Baxter was a member of the Maine Society of Colonial Wars.

Baxter died in 1921 at the age of 90, and a Congregationalist pastor officiated at his funeral, although Baxter was also affiliated with the Swedenborg Church.

He published: New International Encyclopedia

• The Trelawney Papers (1884)
• George Cleeve and His Times (1885)
• The British Invasion from the North (1887)
• Sir Ferdinando Georges and his Province of Maine (1890)
• Christopher Levett, of York: The Pioneer Colonist in Casco Bay (1893)
• The Pioneers of New France in New England (1894)
• The Voyages of Jacque Cartier (1906)
• "The Greatest of Literary Problems: The Authorship of the Shakespeare Works (1917)

Descendants of James Phinney Baxter include:

• Percival Proctor Baxter, Governor of Maine
• James Phinney Baxter III, President of Williams College