Jackie McLean

John Lenwood "Jackie" McLean (May 17, 1931 – March 31, 2006) was an American jazz alto saxophonist, composer, bandleader, and educator, and is one of the few musicians to be elected to the Down Beat Hall of Fame in the year of their death.

McLean was born in New York City. His father, John Sr., played guitar in Tiny Bradshaw's orchestra. After his father's death in 1939, Jackie's musical education was continued by his godfather, his record-store-owning stepfather, and several noted teachers. He also received informal tutoring from neighbors Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell, and Charlie Parker. During high school he played in a band with Kenny Drew, Sonny Rollins, and Andy Kirk Jr. (the tenor saxophonist son of Andy Kirk).

Along with Rollins, he played on Miles Davis' Dig album, when he was 20 years old. As a young man McLean also recorded with Gene Ammons, Charles Mingus on the seminal Pithecanthropus Erectus, George Wallington, and as a member of Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers. McLean joined Blakey after reportedly being punched by Mingus. Fearing for his life, McLean pulled out a knife and contemplated using it against Mingus in self-defense. He later stated that he was grateful that he had not stabbed the bassist.

His early recordings as leader were in the hard bop school. He later became an exponent of modal jazz without abandoning his foundation in hard bop. Throughout his career he was known for a distinctive tone, akin to the tenor saxophone and often described with such adjectives as "bitter-sweet", "piercing", or "searing", a slightly sharp pitch, and a strong foundation in the blues.

McLean was a heroin addict throughout his early career, and the resulting loss of his New York City cabaret card forced him to undertake a large number of recording dates; consequently, he produced an extensive body of recorded work in the 1950s and 1960s. He was under contract with Blue Note Records from 1959 to 1967, having previously recorded for Prestige. Blue Note offered better pay and more artistic control than other labels, and his work for this organization is highly regarded and includes leadership and sideman dates with a wide range of musicians, including Donald Byrd, Sonny Clark, Lee Morgan, Ornette Coleman, Dexter Gordon, Freddie Redd, Billy Higgins, Freddie Hubbard, Grachan Moncur III, Bobby Hutcherson, Mal Waldron, Tina Brooks and many others.

In 1962, he recorded Let Freedom Ring for Blue Note. This album was the culmination of attempts he had made over the years to deal with harmonic problems in jazz, incorporating ideas from the free jazz developments of Ornette Coleman and the "new breed" which inspired his blending of hard bop with the "new thing": "the search is on, Let Freedom Ring". Let Freedom Ring began a period in which he performed with avant-garde jazz musicians rather than the veteran hard bop performers he had been playing with previously. His adaptation of modal jazz and free jazz innovations to his vision of hard bop made his recordings from 1962 on distinctive.

McLean recorded with dozens of well-known musicians and had a gift for spotting talent. Saxophonist Tina Brooks, trumpeter Charles Tolliver, pianist Larry Willis, trumpeter Bill Hardman, and tubist Ray Draper were among those who benefited from McLean's support in the 1950s and 1960s. Drummers such as Tony Williams, Jack DeJohnette, Lenny White, Michael Carvin, and Carl Allen gained important early experience with McLean.

In 1967, his recording contract, like those of many other progressive musicians, was terminated by Blue Note's new management. His opportunities to record promised so little pay that he abandoned recording as a way to earn a living, concentrating instead on touring. In 1968, he began teaching at The Hartt School of the University of Hartford. He later set up the university's African American Music Department (now the Jackie McLean Institute of Jazz) and its Bachelor of Music degree in Jazz Studies program. His Steeplechase recording New York Calling, made with his stepson René McLean, showed that by 1980 the assimilation of all influences was complete.

In 1970, he and his wife, Dollie McLean, along with jazz bassist Paul (PB) Brown, founded the Artists Collective, Inc. of Hartford, an organization dedicated to preserving the art and culture of the African Diaspora. It provides educational programs and instruction in dance, theatre, music and visual arts. The membership of McLean's later bands were drawn from his students in Hartford, including Steve Davis and his son René, who is a jazz saxophonist and flautist as well as a jazz educator. Also in McLean's Hartford group was Mark Berman, the jazz pianist and broadway conductor of Smokey Joe's Cafe and Rent. In 1979 he reached No. 53 in the UK Singles Chart with "Doctor Jackyll and Mister Funk". This track, released on RCA as a 12" single, was an unusual sidestep for McLean to contribute towards the funk/disco revolution of the late 1970s. Many people, at the time, in the clubs where it was played confused the female singers on the track with his name thinking he was actually female.

He received an American Jazz Masters fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 2001 and numerous other national and international awards. McLean was the only American jazz musician to found a department of studies at a University and a community-based organization almost simultaneously. Each has existed for over three decades.

After a long illness, McLean died on March 31, 2006, in Hartford, Connecticut. In 2006, Jackie McLean was elected to the DownBeat Hall of Fame via the International Critics Poll. He is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx, New York City.

Derek Ansell's full-length biography of McLean, Sugar Free Saxophone (London: Northway Books, 2012), details the story of his career and provides a full analysis of his music on record.

McLean's track, "Jacknife", from the 1965 Blue Note album entitled Jacknife was used in the Sons of Anarchy episode, "Suits of Woe".

As leader

Ad Lib

• Presenting Jackie McLean (1955)

Prestige

• Lights Out! (1956)
• 4, 5 and 6 (1956)
• Jackie's Pal (1956)
• McLean's Scene (1957)
• Jackie McLean & Co. (1957)
• Makin' the Changes (1957)
• A Long Drink of the Blues (1957)
• Strange Blues (1957 released 1964)
• Alto Madness (1957)

Jubilee

• Fat Jazz (1957)
• Jackie McLean Quintet reissue of Ad Lib Presenting Jackie McLean (1957)
• The Complete Jubilee Sessions (Lone Hill Jazz, 2008)

Blue Note

• New Soil (1959)
• Swing, Swang, Swingin' (1959)
• Capuchin Swing (1960)
• Jackie's Bag (1959–60)
• Bluesnik (1961)
• A Fickle Sonance (1961)
• Let Freedom Ring (1962)
• Tippin' the Scales (1962)
• Vertigo (1962–63)
• One Step Beyond (1963)
• Destination... Out! (1963)
• It's Time! (1964)
• Action Action Action (1964)
• Right Now! (1965)
• Jacknife (1965)
• Consequence (1965, released 1979)
• Hipnosis (1967)
• New and Old Gospel (1967)
• 'Bout Soul (1967)
• Demon's Dance (1967)
• One Night with Blue Note Preserved Volume 2 (1985) with Woody Shaw, McCoy Tyner, Cecil McBee and Jack DeJohnette
• McCoy Tyner – It's About Time (1985)
• Junko Onishi – Hat Trick (Somethin' Else (J), 1996)
• Fire & Love (Somethin' Else, 1998)
• Nature Boy (2000)

SteepleChase

• Dr. Jackle (1966 [1979])
• Live at Montmartre (1972)
• Ode to Super (1973)
• A Ghetto Lullaby (1974)
• The Meeting with Dexter Gordon (1974)
• The Source with Dexter Gordon (1974)
• Antiquity (1975) with Michael Carvin
• New York Calling (1975) with the Cosmic Brotherhood
• Contour (1980)
• Dynasty (1990)

Others

• The Great Jazz Trio – New Wine in Old Bottles (East Wind (J), 1978)
• Monuments (RCA, 1979)
• The Jackie Mac Attack Live (1991)
• Rhythm of the Earth (Dreyfus, 1992)

As sideman

With Gene Ammons

• The Happy Blues (Prestige, 1956)
• Jammin' with Gene (Prestige, 1956)
• Funky (Prestige, 1957)
• Jammin' in Hi Fi with Gene Ammons (Prestige, 1957)

With Art Blakey

• Hard Bop (Columbia, 1956)
• Originally (Columbia, 1956 [1982])
• Drum Suite (Columbia, 1956)
• Midnight Session Savoy (1957) (Savoy Jazz 1977 Mirage, 2002 Reflections Of Buhaina)
• A Night In Tunisia (Vik 1957, RCA Victor 1963)
• Ritual (Pacific Jazz, 1957)
• Tough! (Cadet, 1957 [1966])

With Kenny Burrell

• 2 Guitars with Jimmy Raney (Prestige, 1957)

With Donald Byrd

• 2 Trumpets (Prestige, 1956) – with Art Farmer
• Off to the Races (Blue Note, 1958)
• Fuego (Blue Note, 1959)
• Byrd in Flight (Blue Note, 1960)

With Sonny Clark

• Cool Struttin' (Blue Note, 1958)

With Miles Davis

• Dig (Prestige, 1951)
• Quintet / Sextet (Prestige, 1955)

With Walter Davis Jr.

• Davis Cup (Blue Note, 1959)

With Kenny Dorham

• Inta Somethin' (1961)
• Matador (1962)

With Ray Draper

• Tuba Sounds (Prestige, 1957)

With Dizzy Gillespie

• Bird Songs: The Final Recordings (Telarc, 1992)
• To Bird with Love (Telarc, 1992)

With Charles Mingus

• Pithecanthropus Erectus (Atlantic, 1956)
• Blues and Roots (Atlantic, 1958)

With Hank Mobley

• Mobley's Message (Blue Note, 1956)
• Hi Voltage (Blue Note, 1967)

With Grachan Moncur III

• Evolution (Blue Note, 1963)

With Lee Morgan

• Lee-Way (Blue Note, 1960)
• Tom Cat (Blue Note, 1964)
• Cornbread (Blue Note, 1965)
• Infinity (Blue Note, 1965)
• Charisma (Blue Note, 1966)
• The Sixth Sense (Blue Note, 1967)

With Freddie Redd

• The Connection (1960)
• Shades of Redd (Blue Note, 1960)
• Redd's Blues (Blue Note, 1961)

With Jimmy Smith

• Open House (Blue Note, 1960)
• Plain Talk (Blue Note, 1960 [1968])

With Art Taylor

• Taylor's Wailers (Prestige, 1957)

With Mal Waldron

• Mal/2 (Prestige, 1957)
• Like Old Time (1976)
• Left Alone '86 (1986)

With Jack Wilson

• Easterly Winds (Blue Note, 1967)

With Michael Carvin

• Antiquity (1975)

• The Connection, as himself (Dir. Shirley Clarke)
• Jackie McLean on Mars (1980), as himself (Dir. Ken Levis) http://vimeo.com/12192828
• Ken Burns' Jazz (2000), as himself (Dir. Ken Burns)