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Quick Facts
Biography
George Costakis (Russian: Георгий Дионисович Костаки, Greek: Γεώργιος Κωστάκης, 5 July 1913 - 1990) was a collector of Russian art whose collection became the most representative body of Modern Russian avant-garde art anywhere. In the years surrounding the 1917 revolution, artists in Russia produced the first non-figurative art, which was to become the defining art of the 20th century. Costakis by chance discovered some constructivist paintings in a Moscow studio in 1946, and he went on to search for the revolutionary art which might otherwise have been lost to the world.
Family history
Born in Moscow of affluent Greek parents, George Costakis had no artistic education but developed an interest in art during his adolescence and as soon as he was able to, he began buying art. At first he worked as a driver for the Greek Embassy until 1939, when relationships between Russia and Greece broke down due to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. After that he took up work as Head of Personnel for the Canadian Embassy.
His work at the Canadian Embassy brought him into contact with many visiting diplomats and he would show them around the Moscow art galleries and antique shops.
The Russian Revolution and art
From the 1860s an art-buying middle class in Moscow had ensured an interest in and a market for Impressionist, Symbolist and Art Nouveau works produced in Russia and the rest of Europe. 'Culture' and collecting paintings had been a long established essential for the wealthy citizen of Moscow (Gray).
In the early years of the 20th century the cultural and political climate of Europe as a whole was in a state of change with a cross-fertilisation of ideas across national boundaries. Many French cubist and Italian futurist works were being brought into Russia and exhibited.
Stalinism
At first the Bolshevik Revolution under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin supported the new abstract art but from 1920 onwards the freedom of artists in Russia was increasingly curtailed. Many artists wanted their work to contribute to the creation of a new society whilst others, for example the Suprematists continued to work independently.
Lenin died in 1924 and Joseph Stalin who succeeded him as leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, brought about another art ideology. In 1932 socialist realism became the official state policy. It was within this political environment that Costakis experienced the development, suppression and final disintegration of the older art culture in Russia.
The Costakis Collection
At first Costakis had collected the Masters of the Dutch School of Landscape Painters but modernist works by Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse soon became his main subject, then in 1946 he came across three paintings in a Moscow studio by Olga Rozanova . He described how, in the dark days after the war these brightly coloured paintings of the lost Avant-Garde:
- "... were signals to me. I did not care what it was... but nobody knew what anything was in those days." (Chatwin, 1977)
He was so struck by the powerful visual effect of the strong colour and bold geometric design which spoke directly to the senses, that he was determined to rediscover the Suprematist and Constructivist art which had been lost and forgotten in the attics, studios and basements of Moscow and Leningrad.
He hunted for 'lost' pictures, some that were rolled up and covered with dust. He met Vladimir Tatlin and befriended Varvara Stepanova. He tracked down friends of Kasimir Malevich and bought works by Liubov Popova and Ivan Kliun. He particularly admired Anatoly Zverev, Russian expressionist whom he met in the 1950s. Costakis said about Zverev "it was a source of great happiness for me to come into contact with this wonderful artist, and I believe him to be one of the most talented artists in Soviet Russia."
By the 1960 the apartment of George Costakis in Moscow had become a meeting place for international art collectors and art lovers in general: Russia's unofficial Museum of Modern Art. The 'détente' period following the signing of the Paris Peace Accords in 1973 opened up Russia once again to international cultural exchanges the first of which was the showing of the Costakis Collection in Düsseldorf in 1977.
The same year Costakis, with his family, left the Soviet Union and moved to Greece, but there was an agreement that he should leave 50 per cent of his collection in the State Tretyakov Gallery of Moscow. In 1997 the Greek State bought the remaining 1275 works. They are now a part of the permanent collection of the State Museum of Contemporary Art, in Thessaloniki, Greece.
Exhibitions from the Costakis Collection
- 1977 Costakis Collection, Düsseldorf, Deutsche Bank
- 1981 Art of the Avant-Garde in Russia, Guggenheim
- 1984 Russian Avant-Garde from the Collection of George Costakis, City Art Museum, Helsinki
- 1986 Anatoly Zverev, Kouros Gallery, New York
- 1992 The Great Utopia: Soviet Avant-Garde 1915-1932
- 1995 Berlin-Moscow/Moscow-Berlin exhibition, supported by Deutsche Bank
- 1995 Russian Avant-Garde. The George Costakis collection, National Gallery (Athens)
- 1997 Russian Avant-Garde from the Collection of G.D. Costakis, Tretyakov Gallery
- 2000 Amazons of the Avant-Garde, Guggenheim travelling exhibition: Berlin, London, Venice, Bilbao
- 2004-2005 Light and Color of Russian Art, travelling exhibition: Berlin, Vienna
- 2008 Lost Vanguard Found, Art and Architecture in Russia (1915-1935), State Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki
- 2008 Five seasons of the Russian Avant-Garde, Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens
- 2008 Vers de Nouveaux Rivages, Musée Maillol, Paris
- 2010 Cosmos of the Russian Avant-Garde. Art and Space Exploration in Russia 1900-1930, Fundación Marcelino Botín, Santander
- 2010 Building the Revolution, La Caixa, Barcelona, Madrid, Royal Academy of Arts, London
- 2011 Building the Revolution, Martin Gropius Bau, Berlin
- 2011 Selections from the Costakis Collection of SMCA. The movements of the Russian Avant-Garde (1900-1930), State Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki
- 2011 Cosmos of the Russian Avant-Garde. Art and Space Exploration in Russia 1900-1930, Evgenidio Foundation, Athens
- 2012 Modern Lubok, prints from the Costakis collection, International Festival of Printmaking, Technopolis Municipality Exhibition Space, Athens
- 2012 The Dynamic City, studies, drawings and photomontages, State Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki
- 2013 George Costakis and the Russian Avant-garde, 100 years since the collector's birth, State Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki
- 2013 Malevich and the Russian Avant-garde, with selections from the Khardzhiev and Costakis collections, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam