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Erwin Clausen
German flying ace

Erwin Clausen

The basics

Quick Facts

Intro
German flying ace
Places
Work field
Gender
Male
Place of birth
Steglitz, Germany
Place of death
North Sea
Age
32 years
Awards
German Cross in Gold
 
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 
The details (from wikipedia)

Biography

Erwin Clausen (5 August 1911 – 4 October 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 132 aerial victories—that is, 132 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in 561 combat missions.

Born in Berlin-Steglitz, Clausen volunteered for military service with the Reichsmarine in 1931. He transferred to the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1935. Following flight training, he was posted to Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing). He flew his first combat missions in the invasion of Poland, claiming his first aerial victory on 9 September 1939. Clausen then fought in the Battle of France, Battle of Britain, invasion of Yugoslavia and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In June 1942, he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing). One month later, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross followed by the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 23 July 1942 after 101 victories.

In June 1943, Clausen was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing), tasked with defense of the Reich missions. He was posted as missing in action after aerial combat over the North Sea on 4 October 1943. He was promoted to Major (major) posthumously.

Early life and career

Clausen was born on 5 August 1911 in Berlin-Steglitz, the son of a master craftsman (Meister) joiner. Before joining military service, he worked in his father's company. He joined the Reichsmarine, the German Navy during the Weimar Republic, in 1931. During his service with the Reichsmarine, he went on cruises on board of Hessen and the school ship Gorch Fock. In 1935, Clausen transferred to the newly emerging Luftwaffe of the Nazi Germany. Holding the rank of Unteroffizier (subordinate officer or lance sergeant), he received flight training.

World War II

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. Clausen, now a Feldwebel (sergeant), had been assigned to the 3.(Jagd)/ LG 2, the 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing) before the outbreak of hostilities. This squadron was subordinated to I.(Jagd) Gruppe (1st group) of LG 2. On 9 September 1939, I.(Jagd) Gruppe was ordered to relocate to an airfield at Lauenburg west of Bydgoszcz. On the afternoon (16:06 – 17:10) of that day, the Gruppe flew a combat air patrol mission, and for the first time of the war 3. Staffel had enemy contact. In this encounter, Clausen claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a PWS-26 biplane trainer. On 17 September, he received the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse). Following the Battle of the Bzura on 20 September, I.(Jagd) Gruppe was ordered to relocate to Graz-Thalerhof.

Battle of France and Britain

On 30 September, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Uetersen, flying defensive missions over the German Bight. The unit relocated multiple times and was flying in defense of the Reich from Esbjerg on 10 May 1940, the start of the Battle of France. On 14 May, I.(Jagd) Gruppe transferred to Essen-Mülheim for operations against France. On 23 May, they transferred again, this time to Ferme Montecouvez, an airfield approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) south of Cambrai. Two days later, I.(Jagd) Gruppe was tasked with providing fighter escort for German transports resupplying the 4th Army in the vicinity of Cambrai. On this mission, Clausen claimed an Armée de l'air Potez 63 twin-engined aircraft shot down. In this encounter, his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E was also damaged, resulting in a forced landing near Cambrai. On 15 June, I.(Jagd) Gruppewas moved to Saint-Omer, the armistice was signed on 22 June, ending the Battle of France on 25 June. The unit was given three days of rest, some of the pilots were sent on home leave. On 30 June, I.(Jagd) Gruppe was scrambled to intercept a flight of Royal Air Force Bristol Blenheim bombers resulting in combat southwest of Saint-Omer. In this encounter, Clausen claimed a Blenheim from No. 110 Squadron shot down which was not confirmed but was himself shot down in his Bf 109 E. Clausen was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) on 4 July 1940 and was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 February 1941. That day, Clausen was also appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1.(Jagd) Staffel of LG 2, this squadron became the 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) on 6 January 1942.

Leading this squadron, Clausen participated in the Balkan Campaign. On 6 April 1941, he recorded three victories during the invasion of Yugoslavia, these were Hawker Fury fighters of the Yugoslav Royal Air Force's 36th Fighter Group shot down over Režanovačka Kosa airfield near Kumanovo. This resulted in the presentation of the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 20 June 1941.

Eastern Front

Following the Balkan Campaign, I.(Jagd)/LG 2 was again subordinated to Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) on 18 June 1941 and was moved to Bucharest, Romania in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. JG 77 supported the German advance as part of Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South). On 21 June, the Gruppe was ordered to Roman, a forward airfield near the Siret river. Clausen claimed his first aerial victory on the Eastern Front, his seventh overall, on 2 July 1941. The mission, the second of the day, a combat air patrol encountered a flight of a Polikarpov I-153 biplane fighters east of Iași. Later that afternoon, on the fourth mission of the day, he claimed another I-153 shot down.

On 3 and 4 February 1942, Clausen and Oberleutnant Friedrich Geißhardt shot down three Polikarpov R-5s or Polikarpov R-Zs of 622 LBAP (Legkii Bombardirovochnyy Aviatsionyy Polk—Light Bomber Aviation Regiment) and 672 LBAP. Clausen became an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time on 9 March 1942, claiming aerial victories 36 to 40. Following the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, his total had reached 52 aerial victories on 6 April 1942. For this he was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 18 May 1942, a direct presentation by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring. Four days later, he was also honored with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes).

On 27 June 1942, Clausen was transferred to 6. Staffel of JG 77 and appointed its Staffelkapitän. On 21 July 1942, he claimed four victories, three Pe-2s and one LaGG-3. He reached his 100th victory after he claimed six further victories the next day. Shooting down a LaGG-3, a Hurricane and three Il-2s, took his tally to 101 aerial victories. Clausen was the 12th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. For this achievement, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 23 July 1943. He was the 106th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. Clausen and together with Oberleutnant Viktor Bauer were presented the Oak Leaves by Adolf Hitler at the Führerhauptquartier at Rastenburg.

Defense of the Reich and death

Clausen, who for his facial features was nicknamed 'Caesar', was transferred to the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Süd (Supplementary Fighter Group, South) on 1 February 1943, and promoted to Hauptmann (captain). On 20 June 1943, Clausen was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing), succeeding Major Walter Spies. This Gruppe was based in Husum and flew in defense of the Reich against the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force. On 17 July 1943, 332 heavy bombers of the 1st and 4th Bombardment Wing planned on targeting Hanover and Hamburg. The plan had to be abandoned due to changing weather conditions. Elements of 4th Bombardment Wing were already airborne and aimed at targeting the Fokker aircraft manufacturing sites at Amsterdam. In defense of this attack, Clausen claimed his 121st aerial victory, a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress shot down at 09:42.

On 4 October 1943, the USAAF targeted and bombed Frankfurt am Main. Clausen shot down a B-24 Liberator, his 12th over the USAAF, but then was killed in aerial combat over the North Sea in his Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-5/U12 (Werknummer 7358—factory number) approximately 115 kilometers (71 mi) northwest of Borkum. The exact circumstances of his death remain unknown, he made his last radio communication at 10:28, confirming the order to return to base. At the time, his wife and three children had been living with him at the Husum airbase. Clausen was posthumously promoted to Major (major), the promotion backdated to 1 October 1943. Three of his brothers were also killed in action during World War II.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Clausen was credited with 132 aerial victories with some unconfirmed victories in 561 combat missions. He claimed one victory over Poland, three over Yugoslavia, 14 victories over the Western Front with the remaining victories achieved over the Eastern Front. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 100 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim. This number includes 1 claim over Poland, 3 over Yugoslavia, 16 on the Western Front, including 10 four-engined bombers, and 84 on the Eastern Front.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 05 Ost S/TM-6". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.

Chronicle of aerial victories

  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Clausen an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Clausen did not receive credit.
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Prien and Rodeike.
  This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Matthews and Foreman.

Claim!Claim#DateTimeTypeLocationUnitClaim!Claim#DateTimeTypeLocationUnit
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 in Poland –
119 September 193917:03PWS-26Area of Bromberg3.(J)/LG 2
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 during the Battle of France –
225 May 1940
Potez-633.(J)/LG 2210 June 194012:43Blenheim1.(J)/LG 2
29 May 194018:10HurricaneDunkirk1.(J)/LG 2
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 against England –
30 June 1940
Blenheim3.(J)/LG 23323 September 194010:45Spitfire3.(J)/LG 2
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 during the Balkan Campaign –
446 April 194106:20FuryRežanovačka Kosa1.(J)/LG 2666 April 194109:41FuryRežanovačka Kosa1.(J)/LG 2
556 April 194106:27FuryRežanovačka Kosa1.(J)/LG 2
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –
728 June 194114:10I-161.(J)/LG 21328 August 1941
MBR-21.(J)/LG 2
782 July 194112:35I-1531.(J)/LG 21428 August 1941
MBR-21.(J)/LG 2
82 July 1941
I-1531.(J)/LG 2151029 August 194115:30MBR-225 km (16 mi) east of Sfântu Gheorghe1.(J)/LG 2
994 July 194117:15I-151.(J)/LG 2161129 August 194115:30MBR-225 km (16 mi) east of Sfântu Gheorghe1.(J)/LG 2
1011 July 1941
I-161.(J)/LG 21229 August 194115:35SB-31.(J)/LG 2
113 August 1941
SB-21.(J)/LG 21329 August 194115:40SB-31.(J)/LG 2
1217 August 1941
I-161.(J)/LG 2
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –
1722 December 1941
I-611.(J)/LG 2164 March 194214:20Yak-7north of Slavyansk-na-Kubani1./JG 77
1829 December 1941
I-151.(J)/LG 2354 March 1942
I-181./JG 77
1916 January 1942
I-161./JG 7736♠179 March 194210:02R-51./JG 77
2016 January 1942
MiG-31./JG 7737♠189 March 194210:04R-51./JG 77
2123 January 1942
I-161./JG 7738♠199 March 194210:18R-51./JG 77
224 February 1942
R-101./JG 7739♠209 March 194216:35R-51./JG 77
234 February 1942
R-51./JG 7740♠219 March 1942
I-181./JG 77
2416 February 1942
MiG-31./JG 77412215 March 194215:40I-181./JG 77
2516 February 1942
I-161./JG 774215 March 1942
I-181./JG 77
2618 February 1942
SB-31./JG 774317 March 1942
I-161./JG 77
2721 February 1942
I-161./JG 77442321 March 194216:30I-611./JG 77
2822 February 1942
I-161./JG 77452422 March 194216:00I-611./JG 77
2923 February 1942
I-261./JG 774622 March 1942
I-161./JG 77
3024 February 1942
I-161./JG 774722 March 1942
I-161./JG 77
3128 February 1942
I-161./JG 774827 March 1942
unknown1./JG 77
3228 February 1942
I-161./JG 774928 March 1942
I-161./JG 77
33142 March 194210:25R-10north of Slavyansk-na-Kubani1./JG 775028 March 1942
I-161./JG 77
344 March 1942
I-181./JG 775130 March 1942
I-611./JG 77
154 March 194213:45Yak-7west of Slavyansk-na-Kubani1./JG 77526 April 1942
I-611./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –
5330 May 1942
I-161./JG 77562613 June 194203:45Yak-3Kerch region1./JG 77
5431 May 1942
LaGG-31./JG 77572714 June 194205:20I-16Kerch region1./JG 77
552510 June 194208:25Il-2region of Sevastopol1./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –
58282 July 194210:25LaGG-36./JG 7790♠6013 July 194209:55Il-26./JG 77
59295 July 194211:45LaGG-36./JG 77916114 July 194206:50LaGG-36./JG 77
60305 July 194211:52MiG-36./JG 77926221 July 194206:45Pe-26./JG 77
61315 July 194211:56I-1806./JG 77936321 July 194206:46Pe-26./JG 77
62325 July 194213:51Pe-2Novorossiysk region6./JG 77946421 July 194206:50Pe-26./JG 77
63336 July 194203:32LaGG-36./JG 77956521 July 194206:52LaGG-36./JG 77
64346 July 194203:40LaGG-36./JG 7796♠6622 July 194214:30LaGG-36./JG 77
65356 July 194203:50LaGG-36./JG 7797♠6722 July 194214:35Hurricane6./JG 77
66367 July 194219:35LaGG-36./JG 7798♠6822 July 194214:41MiG-36./JG 77
67377 July 194219:50LaGG-36./JG 7799♠6922 July 194218:30Il-26./JG 77
68388 July 194216:30Pe-26./JG 77100♠7022 July 194218:33Il-26./JG 77
69398 July 194216:35Il-26./JG 77101♠7122 July 194218:36Il-26./JG 77
70408 July 194219:35LaGG-36./JG 771027226 July 194203:45I-1806./JG 77
71419 July 194208:15LaGG-36./JG 77103735 September 194217:15LaGG-365 km (40 mi) northwest of Voronezh6./JG 77
72429 July 194208:20LaGG-36./JG 77104745 September 194217:20LaGG-365 km (40 mi) south-southwest of Yelets6./JG 77
73439 July 194212:17LaGG-36./JG 77105755 September 194217:24Il-255 km (34 mi) northwest of Voronezh6./JG 77
74449 July 194212:25LaGG-36./JG 77106769 September 194215:52Il-245 km (28 mi) northwest of Sloboda6./JG 77
754510 July 194206:20R-56./JG 77107779 September 194215:59Il-245 km (28 mi) northwest of Sloboda6./JG 77
764610 July 194206:25R-56./JG 77108789 September 194216:03I-15320 km (12 mi) northwest of Sloboda6./JG 77
774710 July 194211:55LaGG-36./JG 771097916 September 194217:18LaGG-340 km (25 mi) northwest of Voronezh6./JG 77
784811 July 194203:37R-56./JG 771108016 September 194217:19LaGG-325 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh6./JG 77
794911 July 194210:34Pe-26./JG 771118116 September 194217:20Il-225 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh6./JG 77
805011 July 194219:20LaGG-36./JG 771128218 September 194213:07Il-210 km (6.2 mi) south-southeast of Voronezh6./JG 77
81♠5112 July 194206:35LaGG-36./JG 771138318 September 194213:13Il-210 km (6.2 mi) east of Voronezh6./JG 77
82♠5212 July 194206:41LaGG-36./JG 771148418 September 194216:25LaGG-350 km (31 mi) south-southwest of Lipeck6./JG 77
83♠5312 July 194206:50MiG-36./JG 771158518 September 194216:55Il-210 km (6.2 mi) east of Voronezh6./JG 77
84♠5412 July 194210:49LaGG-36./JG 771168619 September 194215:05Il-250 km (31 mi) north of Voronezh6./JG 77
85♠5512 July 194216:05LaGG-36./JG 771178722 September 194213:05Il-230 km (19 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh6./JG 77
86♠5613 July 194209:33LaGG-36./JG 771188822 September 194213:12Il-230 km (19 mi) north of Voronezh6./JG 77
87♠5713 July 194209:50LaGG-36./JG 771198922 September 194213:17Il-225 km (16 mi) northeast ofVoronezh6./JG 77
88♠5813 July 194209:52LaGG-36./JG 771209022 September 194216:17Il-225 km (16 mi) north of Voronezh6./JG 77
89♠5913 July 194209:53LaGG-36./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 11 –
1219117 July 19439:42B-17PQ 05 Ost S/TM-6
95 km (59 mi) north of Ameland
I./JG 111279729 July 194309:20B-17PQ 05 Ost S/SA
35 km (22 mi) north of Kiel
I./JG 11
1229225 July 194317:40B-17PQ 05 Ost S/TM-7
North Sea
I./JG 111289829 July 194309:30B-17PQ 05 Ost S/SV-6/1, Kiesby areaI./JG 11
1239326 July 194310:58B-17PQ 05 Ost S/SO-5
75 km (47 mi) west of Westerland
I./JG 111299917 August 194315:36B-17south of NiedermendigI./JG 11
1249426 July 194313:25B-17PQ 05 Ost S/AO-5/5
north of Borkum
I./JG 1113010017 August 194315:45B-17PQ 05 Ost S/RQ-2/5
south of Stromberg
I./JG 11
1259528 July 194309:21B-17PQ 05 Ost S/RO-9/9
Thalfang east of Trier
I./JG 1113127 September 1943
B-17PQ 05 Ost S/UPI./JG 11
1269628 July 194309:25B-17PQ 05 Ost S/RO-6
south-southeast of Wittlich
I./JG 111324 October 1943
B-24northwest of BorkumStab I./JG 11

Awards

  • Iron Cross (1939)
    • 2nd Class (17 September 1939)
    • 1st Class (4 July 1940)
  • Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (20 June 1941)
  • German Cross in Gold on 18 May 1942 Oberleutnant in the I./Jagdgeschwader 77
  • Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
    • Knight's Cross on 22 May 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 6./Jagdgeschwader 77
    • 106th Oak Leaves on 23 July 1942 as Oberleutnant and pilot in the 1./Jagdgeschwader 77
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