Edward Fudge

Edward William Fudge (born July 13, 1944) is an American Christian theologian and lawyer, best known for his book The Fire that Consumes, in which he argues against traditionalist Christian interpretations of Hell. He has been called "one of the foremost scholars on hell" by The Christian Post. He is the subject of the 2012 independent film Hell and Mr. Fudge.

Fudge was raised by devout parents. His mother was the child of missionaries to southern Africa, and his father was a Christian publisher and a minister in Churches of Christ. He received bachelor's and master's degrees at Abilene Christian University and completed law school at the University of Houston College of Law. Fudge was raised in non-institutional Churches of Christ, attending Florida College before transferring to Abilene Christian. After completing his master's in Biblical languages from Abilene, Fudge ministered for non-institutional Churches of Christ in St. Louis and Athens, Alabama. Fudge then moved to Houston, Texas, where he has lived since.

Although Fudge has published several books, only The Fire That Consumes has been through multiple editions. The first printing of the first edition, subtitled A Biblical and Historical Study of Final Punishment, was published in early 1982 (ISBN 0-89890-018-2) by Verdict Publications (Australia), with a foreword by F. F. Bruce of Manchester, U.K.

The book examined the doctrine of the final punishment of the unredeemed from throughout the whole Bible, non-biblical literature of Second Temple Judaism (Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Dead Sea Scrolls), as well as the historical development of the doctrine of final punishment through the Apostolic Fathers, Ante-Nicene, Nicene, and Post-Nicene Fathers, medieval and later theologians, Reformers and later theologians. Special attention is given to Augustine ("City of God") and to John Calvin ("Psychopannychia"). Fudge argues that the doctrine of hell as eternal, conscious torment was a necessary corollary of the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, brought into the Christian church by apologists such as Athenagoras and especially Tertullian.

When the first printing sold out in five months, Verdict gave all rights to the author, who for 29 years self-published the book through multiple printings under the name Providential Press. The second printing was an Alternate Selection of the Evangelical Book Club. The only change was enlarging the subtitle to say: "A Biblical and Historical Study of the Doctrine of Final Punishment."

Twelve years later in 1994, a second, condensed, British edition (ISBN 0-85364-587-6), subtitled The Biblical Case for Conditional Immortality was published by Paternoster Press in England, with a second foreword by John W. Wenham of Oxford. Paternoster was later bought by Authentic Media, who let the second edition go out of print.

Seventeen years later, after a year of Fudge's rigorous updating, revising, and enlarging the first edition, Cascade Books, the academic division of Wipf & Stock published the definitive third edition (ISBN 1-60899-930-0), subtitled A Biblical and Historical Study of the Doctrine of Final Punishment, with an original third foreword by Richard Bauckham of Cambridge University, formerly of St. Andrews University, Scotland. Throughout the third edition, Fudge also interacts with seventeen authors of eleven traditionalist books, bringing the dialogue forward by three decades.

Christianity Today has called The Fire That Consumes "the standard reference on the subject." Since its first publication, The Fire That Consumes has been cited with increasing frequency by scholars and other serious authors writing on the topic. Among these are articles in Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, Evangelical Quarterly, Christian Research Institute Journal, Reformation & Revival, and Themelios. Christianity Today picked it as one of four volumes representing the "annihilationist" viewpoint on Hell in a 2000 topical bibliography.

In addition to The Fire That Consumes, Fudge's discussions regarding Hell include Two Views of Hell: A Biblical & Theological Dialogue, with Robert A. Peterson defending a traditional interpretation of Hell. And in Hell--A Final Word: The Surprising Truths I Found in the Bible (978-089112-149-7), he makes the data accessible to a popular audience.

Fudge is the subject of a biopic, entitled Hell and Mr. Fudge, produced by Pat Arrabito and directed by Jeff Wood, with Mackenzie Astin starring as Fudge. The film was released at the 2012 Worldfest-Houston International Film Festival. Fudge cooperated in the film's development.

Fudge is behind gracEmail, an email ministry in which he sends out several short emails focusing on biblical and Christian themes every week. He has also written books on other topics, including a commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews and a book on the topic of receiving guidance from God.

• A.A. Florida College (1965)
• B.A. Abilene Christian University (1967)
• M.A. Abilene Christian University (1968)
• J.D. University of Houston College of Law (1988)

• Resurrection!: Essays in Honor of Homer Hailey, Athens, Alabama: C.E.I. Publishing Company, 1973. ISBN 978-0-88407-003-0.
• Our Man in Heaven: An Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1974.
• The Fire That Consumes: A Biblical and Historical Study of the Doctrine of Final Punishment, Providential Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0-89890-018-7.
• The Sound of His Voice: Discovering the Secrets of God's Guidance, Abilene, Texas: New Leaf Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0-97142-894-2.
• GracEmail: Daily Answers for Life's Big Questions, Abilene, Texas: Hillcrest Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0-89112-489-4.
• Hebrews: Ancient Encouragement for Believers Today, Abilene, Texas: Leafwood Publishers, 2009. ISBN 978-0-89112-625-6.
• Two Views of Hell: A Biblical & Theological Dialogue (Spectrum), with Peterson, Robert A., Downer's Grove, Illinois: IVP Academic, 2010. ISBN 0-83082-255-0.
• The Divine Rescue: The Gripping Drama of a Lost World and of the Creator Who Will Not Let It Go., Abilene, Texas: Leafwood Publishers, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89112-645-4.
• Hell: A Final Word, Abilene, Texas: Leafwood Publishers, 2012. ISBN 978-0-89112-149-7.