E. S. Raja Gopal

University of Madras

Clarendon Laboratory

Born in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, E. S. Raja Gopal did his pre-graduate studies at St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli and after earning a BSc (hons) from the University of Madras, he continued at the university to complete an MA in physics in 1956 and a second master's degree by research (MSc) in 1958. Subsequently, he moved to the neighboring state of Karnataka to pursue his doctoral studies at the Indian Institute of Science and secured a PhD in 1961. His post-doctoral studies were at Clarendon Laboratory of the department of physics, University of Oxford during from 1961 and on his return to India in 1964, he joined Indian Institute of Science as a CSIR pool officer at the department of physics, to commence an association which would last over 35 years. He held several positions at IISc during this period, where he became an assistant professor in 1965, a full professor in 1969 and the dean of the faculty of science in 1976. He chaired the department of physics during 1977–80 and Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre (present-day NMR Research Centre) from 1983 to 1989.

In 1991, Raja Gopal was appointed as the director of National Physical Laboratory of India (NPL) but he continued his association with IISc as the MSIL chair professor from 1991 to 1994. He headed NPL till his superannuation in 1997 after which he remained with the laboratory as a CSIR emeritus scientist for a while before returning to Bengaluru to rejoin IISc holding the CSIR position and became an emeritus professor of the department of physics, a position he holds to date. At IISc, he held the position of a senior scientist of the Indian National Science Academy from 2001 to 2006 and is an honorary scientist of INSA since then.

Raja Gopal lives in Malleswaram in Bengaluru.

Phase transition of Argon ice - transitions from solid to liquid to gas

Raja Gopal has worked on various aspects of condensed matter physics especially critical point phenomena which assisted in understanding the rectilinear diameter law and its bearkdown. He studied electrical resistivity in relation to non-equilibrium critical point phenomena and elucidated its unusual behavior. His studies of the liquid systems and disordered materials with regard to their phase transitions returned precision measurements which helped in observing particle-hole asymmetry in the liquid-gas critical phenomena in binary liquid mixtures for the first time. Percolation threshold in covalently bonded chalcogenide glasses was another of his notable observations. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and the article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 167 of them. Besides, he has written three books: High Temperature Superconductors, Specific Heats at Low Temperatures, and Statistical Mechanics and Properties of Matter: Theory and Applications. His work has drawn citations from other authors and he has supervised the studies of over 60 master's and doctoral scholars.

Raja Gopal, the editor-in-chief of the Journal of the Instrument Society of India, has also served as the chief editor of two science journals; Pramana journal of Indian Academy of Sciences (1984–89) and the Journal of the Acoustical Society of India (1982–87) and is a member of the editorial advisory boards of the Indian Journal of Cryogenics and the Indian Journal of Physics. He served as the principal investigator of Design & development of a high pressure high temperature system and application, a project of the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and has been a member of the committee of conveners of the IISc project to prepare an archives of the activities of the institute through 100 years. He is a member of Asia Pacific Academy of Materials (APAM), an honorary member of the Indian Cryogenics Council, a life member of the Indian Physics Association as well as Acoustical Society of India and a former council member of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (1993–2003). He served as the president of the Indian Cryogenics Council (1986–88), Acoustical Society of India (1991–92), Indian Society for Mass Spectrometry (1992–95), Ultrasonics Society of India (1993–98), Instrument Society of India (1993-–97) and Metrology Society of India (1994–98) and as the vice president of the Indian Physics Association (1985–87) as well as the Acoustical Society of India (1989–90). He has been involved with the organization of science workshops such as Emerging Trends in Physical and Mathematical Sciences in connection with the IISc centenary conference of 2008 as well as National Workshop of preserving our scientific heritage organized by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics in January 2008. The international conferences he has been associated with as an advisory board member included CSIR-CEERI International Conference on Advanced Electronic Systems (ICAES-2013), International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET 20414) organized by a consortium which comprised University of Exeter, University of Oslo, Research Council of Norway, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences and The Michelsen Center, Biennial international conference on cryogenic engineering (ICEC 26 - ICMC 2016), 9th International Conference on Advances in Metrology - 2016. and International Educators Meet 2016 of Anna University. He has also delivered a number of keynote addresses or invited speeches and the oration on Global Warming: A Scientist Looks at the Reality and the Myths at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram on April 1, 2017 features among them.

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Raja Gopal the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards in 1978. When the Acoustical Society of India (ASI) instituted an annual award for articles published in its official journal in 1980, an article co-written by Raja Gopal, Ultrasonic study of chromatin and DNA solution at High Pressure upto 3 kbar, fetched the inaugural Sir C.V. Raman Award; ASI would honor him again with the 1993–94 with Dr. S Bhagavantam Award for contributions in the field of Acoustics. In between, he received the Inventions Promotions Award of the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) in 1984. He received the Homi Jehangir Bhabha Medal of the Indian National Science Academy in 1993 and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Biotech Research Society of India in 2004. He is also a recipient of the 2005 Lifetime Achievement Award of the Instrument Society of India and his alma mater, Indian Institute of Science, honored him with Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2008.

Raja Gopal, a National Lecturer of the University Grants Commission of India during 1974–75, has been awarded honoris causa doctorates by two Indian institutions, by the Burdwan University in 1999 and by the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur in 2017. All the three major Indian science academies elected him as a fellow, starting with Indian Academy of Sciences in 1974 followed by Indian National Science Academy and National Academy of Sciences, India in 1981 and 1992 respectively. He is also an elected fellow of the Institute of Physics, Indian Cryogenics Council, Metrology Society of India, Ultrasonics Society of India and the Instrument Society of India The award orations delivered by him include the Lord Rippon Memorial lecture of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in 1987, P. A. Pandya Lecture of the Indian Physics Association in 1990, Golden Jubilee lecture of the Indian Science Congress Association in 1992, B. N. Singh Memorial lecture of the University of Delhi in 1992, Prof. S. Bhagavantham Memorial lecture of Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences in 1994 and the Golden Jubilee Memorial lecture of the Indian Institute of Science on Metrology: New Vistas in 1998.

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