Cleon

Cleon (/ˈkliːɒn, -ən/; Greek: Κλέων Kleon, Ancient Greek: [kléɔːn]; died 422 BCE) was an Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War. He was the first prominent representative of the commercial class in Athenian politics, although he was an aristocrat himself. His contemporaries Thucydides and Aristophanes represented him as a warmongering demagogue.

Opposition to Pericles

Cleon first came to notice as an opponent of Pericles in the late 430s through his opposition to Pericles' strategy of refusing battle against the Peloponnesian League invaders in 431 BC. As a result, he found himself acting in concert with the Athenian aristocratic parties, who also had no liking for Pericles. During 430 BC, after the unsuccessful expedition by Pericles to the Peloponnesus, and when the city was devastated by the plague, Cleon headed the opposition to Pericles' rule. At this time, Pericles was accused by Cleon of maladministration of public money, with the result that Pericles was found guilty and removed from office. However, Pericles' setback was temporary and he was soon reinstated.

Rise in popularity

The death of Pericles from the plague in 429 BC left the field clear for new leadership in Athens. Hitherto Cleon had only been a vigorous opposition speaker, a trenchant critic and accuser of state officials, but he now came forward as the professed champion and leader of the democracy and, as a result, dominated Athenian politics. Although rough and unpolished, he was charismatic, being gifted with natural eloquence and a powerful voice, and he knew how to work upon the emotions of the Athenian populace. He strengthened his support amongst the poorer citizens of Athens by increasing the pay of the jurymen, which provided many of the poorer Athenians with a means of livelihood.

The fondness of the Athenians for litigation increased his power; and the practice of "sycophancy" (raking up material for false charges), enabled him to remove those who were likely to endanger his ascendancy. In 426 BC, Cleon brought an unsuccessful prosecution against Laches based on his generalship in the unsuccessful first Sicilian expedition. This is one of the very few times that an Athenian general escaped civil punishment for a defeat. Having no further use for his former aristocratic associates, he broke off all connection with them, and thus felt at liberty to attack the secret combinations for political purposes, the oligarchical clubs to which they mostly belonged. Whether he also introduced a property-tax for military purposes, and even held a high position in connection with the treasury, is uncertain.

War against Sparta, subsequent death

Cleon's ruling principles were an inveterate hatred of the nobility, and an equal hatred of Sparta. It was mainly through him that the opportunity of concluding an honourable peace (in 425) was lost, and in his determination to see Sparta humbled he misled the people as to the extent of the resources of the state, and dazzled them by promises of future benefits.

In 427, Cleon urged his Athenian countrymen to put to death the whole male population of Mytilene, which had put itself at the head of a revolt. His proposal, though at first accepted, was soon rescinded due to a protracted rebuttal by Diodotus. Nonetheless approximately one thousand chief leaders and prominent men of Mytilene were executed. In 425, Cleon reached the summit of his fame by capturing and transporting to Athens the Spartans who had been blockaded at the Battle of Sphacteria. Much of the credit was probably due to the military skill of his colleague Demosthenes (not the orator); but it must be admitted that it was due to Cleon's determination that the Ecclesia sent out the additional force which was needed.

It was almost certainly due to Cleon that the tribute of the "allies" was doubled in 425. In 422 he was sent to recapture Amphipolis, but was outmaneuvered by the Spartan general Brasidas. However, both Brasidas and Cleon were killed at Amphipolis and their deaths removed the chief obstacle to peace. Thus, in 421 the peace of Nicias was signed.

The character of Cleon is represented by Aristophanes and Thucydides in a very unfavourable light. Their portrayals may be justified considering he instilled a feeling of mistrust within Athens through a kind of Athenian "McCarthyism", caused by the excessive number of informants he employed to keep watch on the city. Yet, both have been suspected of being prejudiced witnesses: The playwright had a grudge against Cleon, who may have accused him before the Council of having ridiculed (in his lost play Babylonians) the policy and institutions of his city in the presence of foreigners and at the time of a great national danger. Thucydides, very aware of the shortcomings of Democratic government, had also been prosecuted (unjustly, his ships arriving two days after a town was occupied by Spartan forces) for military incapacity and exiled by a decree proposed by Cleon. Indeed, of all the persons who appear in Thucydides' History, Cleon is treated with the least impartiality. It is therefore possible that Cleon has had injustice done to him in the portraits handed down by these two writers.

His influence lay in his forceful and bullying style of oratory, anti-intellectual and anti-aristocratic in tone, and his populism. This might have brought him many enemies. He seems to have aimed at short-term goals, but Athens' poor stood to benefit by his policies, at the expense of heavy taxes levied onto her allies.

Authorities

For the literature on Cleon see Karl Friedrich Hermann, Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitäten, i. pt. 2 (6th ed. by V. Thumser, 1892), p. 709, and Georg Busolt, Griechische Geschichte, iii. pt. 2 (1904), p. 988, note 3.

The following are the chief authorities:

• Favourable to Cleon
  • C. F. Ranke, De Aristophanis Vita Commentatio (Leipzig, 1845)
  • J. G. Droysen, Aristophanes, ii., Introd. to the Knights (Berlin, 1837)
  • G. Grote, History of Greece. chs. 50, 54
  • W. Oncken, Athen und Hellas, ii. p. 204 (Leipzig, 1866)
  • H. Müller-Strübing, Aristophanes und die historisehe Kritik (Leipzig, 1873)
  • J. B. Bury, Hist, of Greece, i. (1902)
• Unfavourable
  • J. F. Kortüm, Geschichtliche Forschungen (Leipzig, 1863), and Zur Geschichte hellenichen Statsverfassungen (Heidelberg, 1821)
  • F. Passow, Vermischte Schriften (Leipzig, 1843)
  • C Thirlwall, History of Greece, ch. 21
  • E. Curtius, History of Greece (Eng. tr. iii. p. 112)
  • J. Schvarcz, Die Demokratie (Leipzig, 1882)
  • H. Delbrück, Die Strategie des Perikles (Berlin, 1890)
  • E. Meyer, Forschungen zur alten Geschichte, ii. p. 333 (Halle, 1899)
• Balance between the two extreme views:
  • K. J. Beloch, Die attische Politik seit Perikles (Leipzig, 1884), and Griechische Geschichte, i. p. 537
  • A. Holm, History of Greece, ii. (Eng. tr.), ch. 23, with the notes.
  • H. Bengtson, History of Greece: From the Beginnings to the Byzantine Era, Cleon p. 140

• Cf. Aristophanes, chiefly The Knights (864-867: "You are like the fishers for eels; in still waters they catch nothing, but if they thoroughly stir up the slime, their fishing is good; in the same way it's only in troublous times that you line your pockets.", etc.), The Wasps (esp. 664-712), and most mentions of Cleon in the other plays.
• Cf. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, book III (36: "the most violent man at Athens", and 37-40 on the Mytilene affair), IV (21: "a popular leader of the time and very powerful with the multitude", 22, 27-29 on the Pylos affair), and V (16: "Cleon and Brasidas, who had been the two principal opponents of peace on either side--the latter from the success and honour which war gave him, the former because he thought that, if tranquillity were restored, his crimes would be more open to detection and his slanders less credited").
• A.H.M. Jones, ‘The Athenian democracy and its critics’, Cambridge Historical Journey. 11.1 (1953), 1-26.
• Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides. (Princeton University Press, 2015), p.80
• "Cleon", Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, vol. IV, p. 495;
• "Cleon", Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, edited by M.C. Howatson and Ian Chilvers, Oxford University Press