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Christiane Rousseau (born March 30, 1954 in Versailles, France) is a French and Canadian mathematician, a professor in the department of mathematics and statistics at the Université de Montréal. She was president of the Canadian Mathematical Society from 2002 to 2004.
Rousseau earned her Ph.D. from the Université de Montréal in 1977, under the supervision of Dana Schlomiuk. After postdoctoral research at McGill University, she joined the Montréal faculty in 1979, and was promoted to full professor in 1991.
She has received the Adrien-Pouliot Prize and the Abel-Gauthier Prize of the Mathematical Association of Québec, the 2009 Graham Wright Award for Distinguished Service from the Canadian Mathematical Society, and the 2014 George Pólya Award of the Mathematical Association of America for her article "How Inge Lehmann Discovered the Inner Core of the Earth". In 2012, she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.