Robert Peterson may refer to:
- Robert Peterson (archer) (born 1962), New Zealand archer
- Robert Peterson (Canadian politician) (born 1937), former Canadian Liberal senator from Saskatchewan
- Robert Peterson (art director), American art director
- Robert Peterson (South Dakota politician) (1888–1968), lieutenant governor of South Dakota
- Bob Peterson (North Dakota politician) (born 1951), North Dakota state auditor
- Robert O. Peterson (1916–1994), American businessman, founder of Jack in the Box
- Robert W. Peterson (politician) (1929–2013), North Dakota state auditor
- Robert W. Peterson (writer) (1925–2006), American author of books on sports and Scouting
- Robert Peterson (poet) (1924–2000), American poet
- Robert Peterson (footballer) (born 1952), former Australian rules footballer