James or Jim Caldwell may refer to:
James Caldwell (died 1770), one of five American colonists killed in the Boston Massacre
James Caldwell (clergyman) (1734–1781), Presbyterian "soldier parson" in the American Revolutionary War
James Caldwell (Latter Day Saints), dissenting apostle from the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) who formed the Primitive Church of Jesus Christ
James Erwin Caldwell (1854–1944), American businessman and banker from Tennessee
James Caldwell (mathematician) (born 1943), British mathematician
James Caldwell (Missouri speaker) (1763–1840), first Speaker of the Missouri House of Representatives
James Caldwell (Ohio politician) (1770–1838), United States Representative from Ohio
James Eber Caldwell (born 1943), member of the Canadian House of Commons
Buddy Caldwell (James David Caldwell, Jr.), American politician and attorney from Louisiana
James R. Caldwell (1778–1804), United States Navy officer
James Caldwell (Scottish politician) (1839–1925), Member of Parliament for Glasgow St. Rollox, 1886–1892, and Mid Lanarkshire, 1894–1910
James Emmot Caldwell (1813–1881), American jeweler
Jim Caldwell (Arkansas politician) (born 1936), former member of the Arkansas State Senate
Jim Caldwell (basketball) (born 1943), American basketball player
Jim Caldwell (American football) (born 1955), current head coach of the Detroit Lions
Jim Caldwell (footballer) (1888–1929), Australian rules footballer
James Caldwell High School, New Jersey, U.S.
Sir James Caldwell, 1st Baronet (by 1634–c. 1717), of the Caldwell baronets
Sir James Caldwell, 4th Baronet (c. 1722–1784), of the Caldwell baronets