Al-Masudi

Ancient Greek historian, often considered as the first historian

Saudi religious leader; founder and main prophet of Islam

Privateer (0900-1000)

First Gallic king

King of Western Francia

Abbasid poet

Iraqi poet and Islamic scholar

Iraqi Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician

Persian polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher

Classical Greek philosopher and polymath

Philosopher in 10th century Central Asia

Ancient Greek philosopher

Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher

Shafi'i scholar

Persian writer

King and founder of the Achaemenid Empire

Greek King; King of Macedonia and conqueror of Achaemenid Persia

Founder of the Sassanid Empire

Persian scholar

English judge

Chinese emperor

9th century Persian geographer

Historian and geographer

Persian explorer

Explorer, geographer and writer (0877-0960)

The second Abbasid Caliph

Persian vizier

French historian and orientalist

French orientalist

Algerian-French Arabist

French philosopher and writer

Ancient Greek geographer

Roman military commander and writer

Historian of Islam

Islamic theologian and historian

Iraqi ayatollah

Fifth Abbasid Caliph

Navigator of Al-Andalus

Monk who, according to Islamic tradition, foretold to Muhammad his future as a prophet

Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 932 to 934

Nadim

The fourth Abbasid caliph

Abbasid Caliphate scholar

Arab emir of Malatya

Islamic scholar

The third Abbasid Caliph

Military commander and emir of Tarsus

Founder of the Saffarid dynasty at Zaranj in what is now Afghanistan

Muslim general

Arabic writer

Persian geographer

1st Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate

Chief judge of the Abbasid Caliphate, from 854 to 863/4

Abbasid caliph

The eighth Abbasid Caliph

Medieval Assyrian scholar

Arab scholar

The seventh Abbasid Caliph

Abbasid caliph

First Abbasid caliph

Historian

Sahabah

Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 861 to 862